Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, how a tree is made of air, sentence 12
The underside of a leaf has tiny holes called stomata that open to let air in and water vapour out; a big tree can lose hundreds of litres of water on a hot day.
Who acts: underside, tiny holes, water, big tree · What happens: have, call, open, let in, vapour out, lose · To what, where: tiny holes, stomata, air, hundreds · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Plants deeper: leaves and sunlight, how a tree is made of air» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (underside, tiny holes, water, big tree), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 underside | det |
| 2 | underside | underside | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 has | nsubj |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 leaf | case |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 leaf | det |
| 5 | leaf | leaf | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 underside | nmod |
| 6 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | tiny | tiny | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 holes | amod |
| 8 | holes | hole | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 has | obj |
| 9 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 holes | acl |
| 10 | stomata | stomata | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 called | xcomp |
| 11 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 12 open | nsubj |
| 12 | open | open | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 holes | acl:relcl |
| 13 | to | to | PART | _ | 14 let | mark |
| 14 | let | let | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 12 open | advcl |
| 15 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 let | obj |
| 16 | in | in | ADP | _ | 14 let | compound:prt |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 19 vapour | cc |
| 18 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 vapour | nsubj |
| 19 | vapour | vapour | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 14 let | conj |
| 20 | out | out | ADP | _ | 19 vapour | compound:prt |
| 21 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 26 lose | punct |
| 22 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 24 tree | det |
| 23 | big | big | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 tree | amod |
| 24 | tree | tree | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 lose | nsubj |
| 25 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 26 lose | aux |
| 26 | lose | lose | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 6 has | parataxis |
| 27 | hundreds | hundred | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 lose | obj |
| 28 | of | of | ADP | _ | 29 litres | case |
| 29 | litres | litre | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 hundreds | nmod |
| 30 | of | of | ADP | _ | 31 water | case |
| 31 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 litres | nmod |
| 32 | on | on | ADP | _ | 35 day | case |
| 33 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 35 day | det |
| 34 | hot | hot | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 day | amod |
| 35 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 lose | obl |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 has | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | the underside of a leaf | tiny holes | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hole=Patient | ||||
| 2 | call | participle | tiny holes not said here | stomata | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 3 | open | present | tiny holes | vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 4 | let in | to-infinitive | tiny holes not said here | air | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme | ||||
| 5 | vapour out | infinitive | water | tree rules | |||||
| 6 | lose | can | a big tree | hundreds of litres of water | day | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hundred=Eventuality |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/251-plants-deeper-leaves-and-sunlight-how-a-tree-is-made-of-air/12/