The human body deeper: bones, muscles and skin, sentence 18
Bones need calcium, for example from milk, vitamin D from sunlight, and exercise such as running and jumping to stay strong; bones weaken when they carry no weight, so astronauts lose bone strength in space unless they exercise every day.
Who acts: Bones, astronauts · What happens: need, run, jump, stay, weaken, carry · To what, where: calcium, milk, weight, bone strength, space
This is a sentence of the lesson «The human body deeper: bones, muscles and skin» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bones, astronauts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bones | bone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 need | nsubj |
| 2 | need | need | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | calcium | calcium | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 need | obj |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 example | punct |
| 5 | for | for | ADP | _ | 6 example | case |
| 6 | example | example | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 need | obl |
| 7 | from | from | ADP | _ | 8 milk | case |
| 8 | milk | milk | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 need | obl |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 D | punct |
| 10 | vitamin | vitamin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 D | compound |
| 11 | D | D | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 milk | conj |
| 12 | from | from | ADP | _ | 13 sunlight | case |
| 13 | sunlight | sunlight | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 D | nmod |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 exercise | punct |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 exercise | cc |
| 16 | exercise | exercise | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 milk | conj |
| 17 | such | such | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 exercise | amod |
| 18 | as | as | ADP | _ | 17 such | fixed |
| 19 | running | run | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 17 such | advcl |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 jumping | cc |
| 21 | jumping | jump | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 19 running | conj |
| 22 | to | to | PART | _ | 23 stay | mark |
| 23 | stay | stay | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 21 jumping | xcomp |
| 24 | strong | strong | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 stay | xcomp |
| 25 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 27 weaken | punct |
| 26 | bones | bone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 weaken | nsubj |
| 27 | weaken | weaken | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 need | parataxis |
| 28 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 30 carry | mark |
| 29 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 30 carry | nsubj |
| 30 | carry | carry | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 27 weaken | advcl |
| 31 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 32 weight | det |
| 32 | weight | weight | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 carry | obj |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 lose | punct |
| 34 | so | so | ADV | _ | 36 lose | advmod |
| 35 | astronauts | astronaut | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 lose | nsubj |
| 36 | lose | lose | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 27 weaken | conj |
| 37 | bone | bone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 strength | compound |
| 38 | strength | strength | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 lose | obj |
| 39 | in | in | ADP | _ | 40 space | case |
| 40 | space | space | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 lose | obl |
| 41 | unless | unless | SCONJ | _ | 43 exercise | mark |
| 42 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 43 exercise | nsubj |
| 43 | exercise | exercise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 36 lose | advcl |
| 44 | every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 45 day | det |
| 45 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 43 exercise | obl:unmarked |
| 46 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 need | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | need | present | Bones | calcium | milk and vitamin D from sunlight and exercise | for example | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot calcium=Theme | ||
| 2 | run | gerund | Bones not said here | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 3 | jump | gerund | Bones not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | stay | to-infinitive | Bones not said here | strong property | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 5 | weaken | present | bones | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 6 | carry | present | Bones = bone | no weight | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent weight=Theme | ||||
| 7 | lose | present | astronauts | bone strength | space | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent strength=Eventuality | |||
| 8 | exercise a condition, not said to happen | present | astronauts = astronaut | day | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:263-human-body-deeper-bones-muscles-and-skin.lesson:18.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/263-human-body-deeper-bones-muscles-and-skin/18/