Tyrannosaurus rex: what we really know, from teeth and dung to tiny arms, sentence 12

Nobody knows what T. rex sounded like, because sounds do not fossilise; its relatives, birds and crocodiles, boom and rumble with closed mouths, so it may have rumbled rather than roared.

Who acts: Nobody, T. rex, sounds, weight · What happens: know, sound, not fossilise, rumble, close, roar · To what, where: relatives · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Tyrannosaurus rex: what we really know, from teeth and dung to tiny arms» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Nobody, T. rex, sounds, weight), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Nobody	nobody	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	2 knows	nsubj
2	knows	know	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	6 sounded	obl
4	T.	t.	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 rex	compound
5	rex	rex	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 sounded	nsubj
6	sounded	sound	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 knows	ccomp
7	like	like	ADV	_	6 sounded	advmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 fossilise	punct
9	because	because	SCONJ	_	13 fossilise	mark
10	sounds	sound	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 fossilise	nsubj
11	do	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 fossilise	aux
12	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	13 fossilise	advmod
13	fossilise	fossilise	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 knows	advcl
14	;	;	PUNCT	_	16 relatives	punct
15	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	16 relatives	nmod:poss
16	relatives	relative	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 fossilise	obj
17	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 birds	punct
18	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 relatives	conj
19	and	and	CCONJ	_	20 crocodiles	cc
20	crocodiles	crocodile	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 relatives	conj
21	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 boom	punct
22	boom	boom	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 relatives	conj
23	and	and	CCONJ	_	24 rumble	cc
24	rumble	rumble	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 fossilise	conj
25	with	with	ADP	_	27 mouths	case
26	closed	close	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	27 mouths	amod
27	mouths	mouth	NOUN	Number=Plur	24 rumble	obl
28	,	,	PUNCT	_	33 rumbled	punct
29	so	so	ADV	_	33 rumbled	advmod
30	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	33 rumbled	nsubj
31	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	33 rumbled	aux
32	have	have	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	33 rumbled	aux
33	rumbled	rumble	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	13 fossilise	advcl
34	rather	rather	ADV	ExtPos=CCONJ	36 roared	cc
35	than	than	ADP	_	34 rather	fixed
36	roared	roar	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	33 rumbled	conj
37	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 knows	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: pos
hedged: yes
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	know	present	Nobody			vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus
2	sound	past	T. rex		like property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus
3	not fossilise	present · do-support	sounds	weight's relatives and birds and crocodiles and boom		tree rules
4	rumble	present	sounds not said here		with closed mouths	vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location with mouth=Theme
5	close	participle				vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
6	rumble	may · perfect	weight			vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
7	roar	participle	weight not said here			vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:265-tyrannosaurus-rex-teeth-dung-and-tiny-arms.lesson:12.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/265-tyrannosaurus-rex-teeth-dung-and-tiny-arms/12/