Terror birds, moas, giant insects and other lost giants, sentence 9

Meganeura, a dragonfly cousin from 300 million years ago, had wings about 70 centimetres across; more oxygen in the air then helped big insects breathe through their tubes.

Who acts: Meganeura, more oxygen, big insects · What happens: have, help, breathe · To what, where: wings, tubes

This is a sentence of the lesson «Terror birds, moas, giant insects and other lost giants» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Meganeura, more oxygen, big insects), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Meganeura	Meganeura	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 had	nsubj
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 cousin	punct
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 cousin	det
4	dragonfly	dragonfly	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 cousin	compound
5	cousin	cousin	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Meganeura	appos
6	from	from	ADP	_	7 300	case
7	300	300	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	8 million	compound
8	million	million	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	9 years	nummod
9	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 ago	obl:unmarked
10	ago	ago	ADV	_	5 cousin	advmod
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Meganeura	punct
12	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
13	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 had	obj
14	about	about	ADV	_	15 70	advmod
15	70	70	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	16 centimetres	nummod
16	centimetres	centimetre	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 wings	nmod:unmarked
17	across	across	ADV	_	16 centimetres	advmod
18	;	;	PUNCT	_	20 oxygen	punct
19	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	20 oxygen	amod
20	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 helped	nsubj
21	in	in	ADP	_	23 air	case
22	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	23 air	det
23	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 oxygen	nmod
24	then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	25 helped	advmod
25	helped	help	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	12 had	parataxis
26	big	big	ADJ	Degree=Pos	27 insects	amod
27	insects	insect	NOUN	Number=Plur	28 breathe	nsubj
28	breathe	breathe	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	25 helped	xcomp
29	through	through	ADP	_	31 tubes	case
30	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	31 tubes	nmod:poss
31	tubes	tube	NOUN	Number=Plur	28 breathe	obl
32	.	.	PUNCT	_	12 had	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	roles by
1	have	past	Meganeura	wings 70 centimetres			vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wing=Patient
2	help	past	more oxygen in the air			then	vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
3	breathe	infinitive	big insects		insects's tubes		vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:274-terror-birds-moas-giant-insects-and-lost-giants.lesson:9.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/274-terror-birds-moas-giant-insects-and-lost-giants/9/