How old is it? Rock layers, rock clocks, amber and the long story of life, sentence 5

Some rocks, especially volcanic ash, contain atoms that change into other atoms at a steady rate; measuring how much has changed dates the rock, and ash layers above and below a fossil give its age.

Who acts: rocks, atoms, measuring, ash layers · What happens: contain, change, measure, date, give · To what, where: atoms, other atoms, rock, age

This is a sentence of the lesson «How old is it? Rock layers, rock clocks, amber and the long story of life» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rocks, atoms, measuring, ash layers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	2 rocks	det
2	rocks	rock	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 contain	nsubj
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 ash	punct
4	especially	especially	ADV	_	6 ash	advmod
5	volcanic	volcanic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 ash	amod
6	ash	ash	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 rocks	appos
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 contain	punct
8	contain	contain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	atoms	atom	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 contain	obj
10	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 change	nsubj
11	change	change	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 atoms	acl:relcl
12	into	into	ADP	_	14 atoms	case
13	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 atoms	amod
14	atoms	atom	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 change	obl
15	at	at	ADP	_	18 rate	case
16	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 rate	det
17	steady	steady	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 rate	amod
18	rate	rate	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 change	obl
19	;	;	PUNCT	_	20 measuring	punct
20	measuring	measure	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	25 dates	csubj
21	how	how	ADV	PronType=Int	22 much	advmod
22	much	much	ADV	Degree=Pos	24 changed	advmod
23	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	24 changed	aux
24	changed	change	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	20 measuring	ccomp
25	dates	date	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 contain	parataxis
26	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	27 rock	det
27	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 dates	obj
28	,	,	PUNCT	_	30 ash	punct
29	and	and	CCONJ	_	30 ash	cc
30	ash	ash	NOUN	Number=Sing	31 layers	compound
31	layers	layer	NOUN	Number=Plur	37 give	nsubj
32	above	above	ADV	_	31 layers	advmod
33	and	and	CCONJ	_	37 give	cc
34	below	below	ADP	_	32 above	conj
35	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	36 fossil	det
36	fossil	fossil	NOUN	Number=Sing	37 give	nsubj
37	give	give	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	25 dates	conj
38	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	39 age	nmod:poss
39	age	age	NOUN	Number=Sing	37 give	obj
40	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 contain	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	contain	present	some rocks	atoms		vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot atom=Theme
2	change	present	atoms		into other atoms result; at a steady rate	vn turn-26.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.result»: agent=Patient into atom=Result
3	measure	gerund				tree rules
4	change	present · perfect				vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
5	date	present	measuring	the rock		vn marry-36.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rock=Co-Agent
6	give	infinitive	ash layers	fossil's age		vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent age=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:276-how-old-is-it-rock-layers-rock-clocks-amber-and-the-long-story-of-life.lesson:5.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/276-how-old-is-it-rock-layers-rock-clocks-amber-and-the-long-story-of-life/5/