Insects as food in other countries, sentence 12
The red food colour carmine is made from crushed cochineal bugs that live on cactus, and it is used in sweets, yoghurt and lipstick; the Aztecs used it to dye cloth.
Who acts: crushed cochineal bugs, Aztecs · What happens: make, crush, live, use, dye · To what, where: red colour carmine, crushed cochineal bugs, cactus, carmine, sweets, cloth
This is a sentence of the lesson «Insects as food in other countries» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (crushed cochineal bugs, Aztecs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 carmine | det |
| 2 | red | red | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 carmine | amod |
| 3 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 colour | compound |
| 4 | colour | colour | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 carmine | compound |
| 5 | carmine | carmine | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 made | nsubj:pass |
| 6 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 made | aux:pass |
| 7 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 8 | from | from | ADP | _ | 11 bugs | case |
| 9 | crushed | crush | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 11 bugs | amod |
| 10 | cochineal | cochineal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 bugs | compound |
| 11 | bugs | bug | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 made | obl |
| 12 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 13 live | nsubj |
| 13 | live | live | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 11 bugs | acl:relcl |
| 14 | on | on | ADP | _ | 15 cactus | case |
| 15 | cactus | cactus | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 live | obl |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 used | punct |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 used | cc |
| 18 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 used | nsubj:pass |
| 19 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 used | aux:pass |
| 20 | used | use | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 7 made | conj |
| 21 | in | in | ADP | _ | 22 sweets | case |
| 22 | sweets | sweet | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 used | obl |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 yoghurt | punct |
| 24 | yoghurt | yoghurt | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 sweets | conj |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 lipstick | cc |
| 26 | lipstick | lipstick | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 sweets | conj |
| 27 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 30 used | punct |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 Aztecs | det |
| 29 | Aztecs | Aztec | PROPN | Number=Plur | 30 used | nsubj |
| 30 | used | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 made | parataxis |
| 31 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 30 used | obj |
| 32 | to | to | PART | _ | 33 dye | mark |
| 33 | dye | dye | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 30 used | xcomp |
| 34 | cloth | cloth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 dye | obj |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 made | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | make | present · passive | the red colour carmine | crushed cochineal bugs | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: subject=Product from bug=Material | ||||
| 2 | crush | participle | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient | ||||||
| 3 | live | present | crushed cochineal bugs | cactus | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on cactus=Location | ||||
| 4 | use | present · passive | carmine | sweets and yoghurt and lipstick | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | ||||
| 5 | use | past | the Aztecs | carmine | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent it=Theme clause=Eventuality | ||||
| 6 | dye | to-infinitive | the Aztecs not said here | cloth | vn braid-41.2.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cloth=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:290-insects-as-food-in-other-countries.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/290-insects-as-food-in-other-countries/12/