Horses, cattle, camels and chickens: how people tamed animals, sentence 13
Zebras are nervous, kick and bite and are hard to catch, because they lived for a very long time alongside lions and human hunters; only a few people ever drove zebra carriages.
Who acts: Zebras, few people · What happens: be, kick, bite, catch, live, drive · To what, where: zebra carriages
This is a sentence of the lesson «Horses, cattle, camels and chickens: how people tamed animals» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Zebras, few people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Zebras | zebra | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 nervous | nsubj |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 nervous | cop |
| 3 | nervous | nervous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 kick | punct |
| 5 | kick | kick | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 nervous | conj |
| 6 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 bite | cc |
| 7 | bite | bite | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 kick | conj |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 hard | cc |
| 9 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 hard | cop |
| 10 | hard | hard | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 nervous | conj |
| 11 | to | to | PART | _ | 12 catch | mark |
| 12 | catch | catch | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 10 hard | xcomp |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 lived | punct |
| 14 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 16 lived | mark |
| 15 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 lived | nsubj |
| 16 | lived | live | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 nervous | advcl |
| 17 | for | for | ADP | _ | 21 time | case |
| 18 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 21 time | det |
| 19 | very | very | ADV | _ | 20 long | advmod |
| 20 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 time | amod |
| 21 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 lived | obl |
| 22 | alongside | alongside | ADP | _ | 23 lions | case |
| 23 | lions | lion | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 lived | obl |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 hunters | cc |
| 25 | human | human | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 26 hunters | amod |
| 26 | hunters | hunter | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 lions | conj |
| 27 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 33 drove | punct |
| 28 | only | only | ADV | _ | 33 drove | advmod |
| 29 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 31 people | det |
| 30 | few | few | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 people | amod |
| 31 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 drove | nsubj |
| 32 | ever | ever | ADV | PronType=Ind | 33 drove | advmod |
| 33 | drove | drive | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 nervous | parataxis |
| 34 | zebra | zebra | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 carriages | compound |
| 35 | carriages | carriage | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 drove | obj |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 nervous | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | Zebras | nervous property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | kick | present | Zebras not said here | vn split-23.2 «NP V apart»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 3 | bite | present | Zebras not said here | vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | is | present | Zebras not said here | hard property | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | catch | to-infinitive | Zebras not said here | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 6 | live | past | Zebras = zebra | time | alongside lions and human hunters | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme alongside lion=Location | |||
| 7 | drive | past | a few people | zebra carriages | ever | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent carriage=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:293-horses-cattle-camels-and-chickens-how-people-tamed-animals.lesson:13.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/293-horses-cattle-camels-and-chickens-how-people-tamed-animals/13/