The big biology quiz, part 2: plants, the body and microbes, sentence 10

Germs are living things far too small to see without a microscope, such as bacteria, or viruses, that can make us ill; washing hands with soap removes many germs, and most bacteria are harmless or helpful, like those in your gut.

Who acts: Germs, viruses, washing, most bacteria · What happens: live, see, make, wash, remove, be · To what, where: things, us, hands, many germs

This is a sentence of the lesson «The big biology quiz, part 2: plants, the body and microbes» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Germs, viruses, washing, most bacteria), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Germs	germ	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 living	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 living	aux
3	living	live	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
4	things	thing	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 living	obj
5	far	far	ADV	Degree=Pos	7 small	advmod
6	too	too	ADV	_	7 small	advmod
7	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 things	amod
8	to	to	PART	_	9 see	mark
9	see	see	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 small	advcl
10	without	without	ADP	_	12 microscope	case
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 microscope	det
12	microscope	microscope	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 see	obl
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 bacteria	punct
14	such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP	16 bacteria	case
15	as	as	ADP	_	14 such	fixed
16	bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 microscope	conj
17	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 viruses	punct
18	or	or	CCONJ	_	19 viruses	cc
19	viruses	virus	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 bacteria	conj
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 make	punct
21	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	23 make	nsubj
22	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	23 make	aux
23	make	make	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	19 viruses	acl:relcl
24	us	we	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	23 make	obj
25	ill	ill	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 make	xcomp
26	;	;	PUNCT	_	27 washing	punct
27	washing	wash	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	31 removes	csubj
28	hands	hand	NOUN	Number=Plur	27 washing	obj
29	with	with	ADP	_	30 soap	case
30	soap	soap	NOUN	Number=Sing	28 hands	nmod
31	removes	remove	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 living	parataxis
32	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	33 germs	amod
33	germs	germ	NOUN	Number=Plur	31 removes	obj
34	,	,	PUNCT	_	39 harmless	punct
35	and	and	CCONJ	_	39 harmless	cc
36	most	most	ADJ	Degree=Sup	37 bacteria	amod
37	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	39 harmless	nsubj
38	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	39 harmless	cop
39	harmless	harmless	ADJ	Degree=Pos	31 removes	conj
40	or	or	CCONJ	_	41 helpful	cc
41	helpful	helpful	ADJ	Degree=Pos	39 harmless	conj
42	,	,	PUNCT	_	44 those	punct
43	like	like	ADP	_	44 those	case
44	those	that	PRON	Number=Plur PronType=Dem	39 harmless	obl
45	in	in	ADP	_	47 gut	case
46	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	47 gut	nmod:poss
47	gut	gut	NOUN	Number=Sing	44 those	nmod
48	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 living	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	live	present · progressive	Germs	things		vn lodge-46 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme thing=Location
2	see	to-infinitive	Germs not said here		without a microscope and bacteria or viruses	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
3	make	can	viruses	us	ill property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset we=Product
4	wash	gerund		hands	with soap	vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent hand=Patient with soap=Instrument
5	remove	present	washing	many germs		vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent germ=Theme
6	is	present	most bacteria		like those; harmless property	tree rules
7	be		most bacteria not said here			tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:299-the-big-biology-quiz-part-2-plants-the-body-and-microbes.lesson:10.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/299-the-big-biology-quiz-part-2-plants-the-body-and-microbes/10/