The big biology quiz, part 2: plants, the body and microbes, sentence 11
Colds are caused by viruses, and antibiotics only work on bacteria, so rest, drinks and time help a cold, and using antibiotics wrongly helps resistant bacteria spread.
Who acts: viruses, antibiotics, rest, using · What happens: cause, work, help, use, spread · To what, where: Colds, cold, antibiotics
This is a sentence of the lesson «The big biology quiz, part 2: plants, the body and microbes» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (viruses, antibiotics, rest, using), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Colds | cold | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 caused | nsubj |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 caused | aux:pass |
| 3 | caused | cause | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | by | by | ADP | _ | 5 viruses | case |
| 5 | viruses | virus | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 caused | obl |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 work | punct |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 work | cc |
| 8 | antibiotics | antibiotic | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 work | nsubj |
| 9 | only | only | ADV | _ | 10 work | advmod |
| 10 | work | work | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 caused | conj |
| 11 | on | on | ADP | _ | 12 bacteria | case |
| 12 | bacteria | bacteria | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 work | obl |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 rest | punct |
| 14 | so | so | ADV | _ | 20 help | advmod |
| 15 | rest | rest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 help | nsubj |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 drinks | punct |
| 17 | drinks | drink | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 rest | conj |
| 18 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 19 time | cc |
| 19 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 rest | conj |
| 20 | help | help | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 caused | conj |
| 21 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 22 cold | det |
| 22 | cold | cold | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 help | obj |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 helps | punct |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 28 helps | cc |
| 25 | using | use | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 28 helps | csubj |
| 26 | antibiotics | antibiotic | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 using | obj |
| 27 | wrongly | wrongly | ADV | _ | 28 helps | advmod |
| 28 | helps | help | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 help | conj |
| 29 | resistant | resistant | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 bacteria | amod |
| 30 | bacteria | bacteria | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 spread | compound |
| 31 | spread | spread | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 28 helps | xcomp |
| 32 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 caused | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- neg
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cause | present · passive | viruses | Colds | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient | ||||
| 2 | work | present | antibiotics | on bacteria | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on bacteria=Theme | ||||
| 3 | help | present | rest and drinks and time | a cold | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cold=Beneficiary | ||||
| 4 | use | gerund | antibiotics | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent antibiotic=Patient | |||||
| 5 | help | present | using | wrongly property | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | ||||
| 6 | spread | infinitive | using not said here | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:299-the-big-biology-quiz-part-2-plants-the-body-and-microbes.lesson:11.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/299-the-big-biology-quiz-part-2-plants-the-body-and-microbes/11/