Ants of the world: weaver ants, bullet ants, honeypot ants and trap-jaw ants, sentence 10

Writings from China about 1,700 years ago describe farmers putting weaver ant nests in citrus trees to eat pests, one of the oldest known uses of one animal to control pests; farmers in Australia and Africa still use them on mango and cashew trees.

Who acts: Writings, farmers · What happens: describe, put, eat, know, control, use · To what, where: farmers, ant nests, citrus trees, pests, nests, mango trees

This is a sentence of the lesson «Ants of the world: weaver ants, bullet ants, honeypot ants and trap-jaw ants» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Writings, farmers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Writings	writing	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 describe	nsubj
2	from	from	ADP	_	3 China	case
3	China	China	PROPN	Number=Sing	1 Writings	nmod
4	about	about	ADV	_	5 1,700	advmod
5	1,700	1700	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	6 years	nummod
6	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 ago	obl:unmarked
7	ago	ago	ADV	_	8 describe	advmod
8	describe	describe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	farmers	farmer	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 describe	obj
10	putting	put	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 describe	ccomp
11	weaver	weaver	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 ant	compound
12	ant	ant	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 nests	compound
13	nests	nest	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 putting	obj
14	in	in	ADP	_	16 trees	case
15	citrus	citrus	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 trees	compound
16	trees	tree	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 putting	obl
17	to	to	PART	_	18 eat	mark
18	eat	eat	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	10 putting	advcl
19	pests	pest	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 eat	obj
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	21 one	punct
21	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	9 farmers	appos
22	of	of	ADP	_	26 uses	case
23	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	26 uses	det
24	oldest	old	ADJ	Degree=Sup	26 uses	amod
25	known	know	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	26 uses	amod
26	uses	use	NOUN	Number=Plur	21 one	nmod
27	of	of	ADP	_	29 animal	case
28	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	29 animal	nummod
29	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	26 uses	nmod
30	to	to	PART	_	31 control	mark
31	control	control	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	29 animal	acl
32	pests	pest	NOUN	Number=Plur	31 control	obj
33	;	;	PUNCT	_	40 use	punct
34	farmers	farmer	NOUN	Number=Plur	40 use	nsubj
35	in	in	ADP	_	36 Australia	case
36	Australia	Australia	PROPN	Number=Sing	34 farmers	nmod
37	and	and	CCONJ	_	38 Africa	cc
38	Africa	Africa	PROPN	Number=Sing	36 Australia	conj
39	still	still	ADV	_	40 use	advmod
40	use	use	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 describe	conj
41	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	40 use	obj
42	on	on	ADP	_	46 trees	case
43	mango	mango	NOUN	Number=Sing	46 trees	compound
44	and	and	CCONJ	_	45 cashew	cc
45	cashew	cashew	NOUN	Number=Sing	43 mango	conj
46	trees	tree	NOUN	Number=Plur	40 use	obl
47	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 describe	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	describe	present	Writings from China	farmers			ago property	tree rules
2	put	gerund	Writings from China not said here	ant nests	citrus trees			vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent nest=Theme in tree=Destination
3	eat	to-infinitive	Writings from China not said here	pests				vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pest=Patient
4	know	participle						vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
5	control	to-infinitive	Writings from China not said here	pests				vn enforce-63 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pest=Theme
6	use	present	farmers in Australia and Africa	nests = nest	mango trees	still		vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient
7	use			one animal				nom use «act transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:304-ants-of-the-world-weaver-ants-bullet-ants-honeypot-ants-and-trap-jaw-ants.lesson:10.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/304-ants-of-the-world-weaver-ants-bullet-ants-honeypot-ants-and-trap-jaw-ants/10/