Whales by kind, the toothed whales: sperm whale, orca, beluga and beaked whales, sentence 12
Since 2020 a group of orcas off Spain and Portugal has been pushing and biting the rudders of sailing boats and has sunk a few; scientists are not sure why, maybe play or a fashion copied between orcas.
Who acts: group, scientists · What happens: push, bite, sink, not be, copy · To what, where: rudders, few, fashion, orcas
This is a sentence of the lesson «Whales by kind, the toothed whales: sperm whale, orca, beluga and beaked whales» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (group, scientists), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Since | since | ADP | _ | 2 2020 | case |
| 2 | 2020 | 2020 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 13 pushing | obl |
| 3 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 4 group | det |
| 4 | group | group | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 pushing | nsubj |
| 5 | of | of | ADP | _ | 6 orcas | case |
| 6 | orcas | orca | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 group | nmod |
| 7 | off | off | ADP | _ | 8 Spain | case |
| 8 | Spain | Spain | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 orcas | nmod |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 Portugal | cc |
| 10 | Portugal | Portugal | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 Spain | conj |
| 11 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 pushing | aux |
| 12 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 13 pushing | aux |
| 13 | pushing | push | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 biting | cc |
| 15 | biting | bite | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 13 pushing | conj |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 rudders | det |
| 17 | rudders | rudder | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 biting | obj |
| 18 | of | of | ADP | _ | 20 boats | case |
| 19 | sailing | sailing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 boats | compound |
| 20 | boats | boat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 rudders | nmod |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 sunk | cc |
| 22 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 sunk | aux |
| 23 | sunk | sink | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 13 pushing | conj |
| 24 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 25 few | det |
| 25 | few | few | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 sunk | obj |
| 26 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 30 sure | punct |
| 27 | scientists | scientist | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 sure | nsubj |
| 28 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 30 sure | cop |
| 29 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 30 sure | advmod |
| 30 | sure | sure | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 pushing | parataxis |
| 31 | why | why | ADV | PronType=Int | 30 sure | advmod |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 play | punct |
| 33 | maybe | maybe | ADV | _ | 34 play | advmod |
| 34 | play | play | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 sure | advcl |
| 35 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 37 fashion | cc |
| 36 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 37 fashion | det |
| 37 | fashion | fashion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 play | conj |
| 38 | copied | copy | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 37 fashion | acl |
| 39 | between | between | ADP | _ | 40 orcas | case |
| 40 | orcas | orca | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 copied | obl |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 13 pushing | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- narrate
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | push | present · perfect · progressive | a group of orcas off Spain and Portugal | since 2020 | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 2 | bite | gerund | a group of orcas off Spain and Portugal not said here | the rudders of sailing boats | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rudder=Patient | ||||
| 3 | sink | present · perfect | a group of orcas off Spain and Portugal not said here | a few | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent few=Patient | ||||
| 4 | not is | present | scientists | sure property | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | copy | participle | a fashion not said here | orcas | vn transcribe-25.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent between orca=Destination |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:313-whales-by-kind-the-toothed-whales-sperm-whale-orca-beluga-and-beaked-whales.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/313-whales-by-kind-the-toothed-whales-sperm-whale-orca-beluga-and-beaked-whales/12/