Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumblebee bat and tent-makers, sentence 10
A bat's wing is a hand: four long fingers hold up the skin and a short clawed thumb sticks out; the skin stretches between the fingers, the body and the legs, and the name Chiroptera means hand-wing.
Who acts: wing, four long fingers, short clawed thumb, skin, name · What happens: be, hold up, claw, stick out, stretch, mean · To what, where: hand, skin, hand wing
This is a sentence of the lesson «Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumblebee bat and tent-makers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (wing, four long fingers, short clawed thumb, skin), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 bat | det |
| 2 | bat | bat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 wing | nmod:poss |
| 3 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 2 bat | case |
| 4 | wing | wing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 hand | nsubj |
| 5 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 hand | cop |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 7 hand | det |
| 7 | hand | hand | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 8 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 12 hold | punct |
| 9 | four | four | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 11 fingers | nummod |
| 10 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 fingers | amod |
| 11 | fingers | finger | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 hold | nsubj |
| 12 | hold | hold | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 hand | parataxis |
| 13 | up | up | ADP | _ | 12 hold | compound:prt |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 skin | det |
| 15 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 hold | obj |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 sticks | cc |
| 17 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 20 thumb | det |
| 18 | short | short | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 thumb | amod |
| 19 | clawed | claw | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 20 thumb | amod |
| 20 | thumb | thumb | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 sticks | nsubj |
| 21 | sticks | stick | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 hold | conj |
| 22 | out | out | ADP | _ | 21 sticks | compound:prt |
| 23 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 26 stretches | punct |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 skin | det |
| 25 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 stretches | nsubj |
| 26 | stretches | stretch | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 21 sticks | conj |
| 27 | between | between | ADP | _ | 29 fingers | case |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 fingers | det |
| 29 | fingers | finger | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 stretches | obl |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 body | punct |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 body | det |
| 32 | body | body | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 fingers | conj |
| 33 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 35 legs | cc |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 legs | det |
| 35 | legs | leg | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 fingers | conj |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 means | punct |
| 37 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 41 means | cc |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 name | det |
| 39 | name | name | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 means | nsubj |
| 40 | Chiroptera | chiroptera | PROPN | Number=Sing | 39 name | appos |
| 41 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 stretches | conj |
| 42 | hand | hand | NOUN | Number=Sing | 44 wing | compound |
| 43 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 42 hand | punct |
| 44 | wing | wing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 means | obj |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 hand | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | a bat's wing | a hand | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | hold up | present | four long fingers | the skin | vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot skin=Theme | ||||
| 3 | claw | participle | vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 4 | stick out | present | a short clawed thumb | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 5 | stretch | present | the skin | between the fingers and the body and the legs | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 6 | mean | present | the name | hand wing | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wing=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers.lesson:10.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×4, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers/10/