Birds: feathers, wings, eggs and flight, sentence 16
Birds have no teeth; swallowed grit in a muscly stomach called the gizzard grinds the food, and having no heavy jaws full of teeth keeps the head light for flying.
Who acts: Birds, grit · What happens: have, swallow, call, grind, keep, fly · To what, where: teeth, food, heavy jaws, head light · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Birds: feathers, wings, eggs and flight» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Birds, grit), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Birds | bird | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 have | nsubj |
| 2 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 4 teeth | det |
| 4 | teeth | tooth | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 have | obj |
| 5 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 6 swallowed | punct |
| 6 | swallowed | swallow | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 teeth | acl |
| 7 | grit | grit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 grinds | nsubj |
| 8 | in | in | ADP | _ | 11 stomach | case |
| 9 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 stomach | det |
| 10 | muscly | muscly | ADJ | _ | 11 stomach | amod |
| 11 | stomach | stomach | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 grit | nmod |
| 12 | called | call | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 swallowed | advcl |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 gizzard | det |
| 14 | gizzard | gizzard | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 grinds | nsubj |
| 15 | grinds | grind | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 called | ccomp |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 food | det |
| 17 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 grinds | obj |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 having | punct |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 having | cc |
| 20 | having | have | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 6 swallowed | conj |
| 21 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 23 jaws | det |
| 22 | heavy | heavy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 jaws | amod |
| 23 | jaws | jaw | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 having | obj |
| 24 | full | full | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 having | xcomp |
| 25 | of | of | ADP | _ | 26 teeth | case |
| 26 | teeth | tooth | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 full | obl |
| 27 | keeps | keep | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 grinds | conj |
| 28 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 light | det |
| 29 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 light | compound |
| 30 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 keeps | obj |
| 31 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 32 flying | mark |
| 32 | flying | fly | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 30 light | obl |
| 33 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 have | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | Birds | no teeth | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tooth=Patient | ||||
| 2 | swallow | participle | no teeth not said here | vn hiccup-40.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | call speech: assert | past | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||||
| 4 | grind | present | grit in a muscly stomach | the food | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Patient | ||||
| 5 | have | gerund | no heavy jaws | full property | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent jaw=Patient | ||||
| 6 | keep | present | grit in a muscly stomach not said here | the head light | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent light=Theme | ||||
| 7 | fly | gerund | vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:033-birds-feathers-wings-eggs-and-flight.lesson:16.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/33-birds-feathers-wings-eggs-and-flight/16/