Skin: layers, sweat, goosebumps, freckles and sunburn, sentence 11

Each hair has a tiny muscle that pulls it upright, making a goosebump; in furry animals raised fur traps warm air or makes them look bigger, like a scared cat.

Who acts: hair, tiny muscle, raised fur, goosebumps · What happens: have, pull, make, raise, trap, look · To what, where: tiny muscle, muscle, goosebump, warm air, goosebumps

This is a sentence of the lesson «Skin: layers, sweat, goosebumps, freckles and sunburn» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hair, tiny muscle, raised fur, goosebumps), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	2 hair	det
2	hair	hair	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 has	nsubj
3	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 muscle	det
5	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 muscle	amod
6	muscle	muscle	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 has	obj
7	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 pulls	nsubj
8	pulls	pull	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 muscle	acl:relcl
9	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 pulls	obj
10	upright	upright	ADV	_	8 pulls	advmod
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 making	punct
12	making	make	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	8 pulls	advcl
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 goosebump	det
14	goosebump	goosebump	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 making	obj
15	;	;	PUNCT	_	18 animals	punct
16	in	in	ADP	_	18 animals	case
17	furry	furry	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 animals	amod
18	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 making	obl
19	raised	raise	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	20 fur	amod
20	fur	fur	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 traps	nsubj
21	traps	trap	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	18 animals	acl
22	warm	warm	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 air	amod
23	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 traps	obj
24	or	or	CCONJ	_	25 makes	cc
25	makes	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 making	conj
26	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	25 makes	obj
27	look	look	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	25 makes	xcomp
28	bigger	big	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	27 look	xcomp
29	,	,	PUNCT	_	33 cat	punct
30	like	like	ADP	_	33 cat	case
31	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	33 cat	det
32	scared	scared	ADJ	Degree=Pos	33 cat	amod
33	cat	cat	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 look	obl
34	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 has	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	have	present	each hair	a tiny muscle		vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent muscle=Patient
2	pull	present	a tiny muscle	muscle	upright property	vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme
3	make	gerund	a tiny muscle not said here	a goosebump	in furry animals	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset goosebump=Product
4	raise	participle				vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
5	trap	present	raised fur	warm air		vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Patient
6	make	present	a tiny muscle not said here	goosebumps = goosebump		tree rules
7	look	infinitive	goosebumps = goosebump not said here		like a scared cat; big property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:353-skin-layers-sweat-goosebumps-freckles-and-sunburn.lesson:11.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/353-skin-layers-sweat-goosebumps-freckles-and-sunburn/11/