City birds: sparrows, starlings, swifts, crows and peregrines on tall buildings, sentence 10
Common swifts can stay in the air for about ten months without landing; they eat insects and drink in flight and are thought to sleep while flying high up.
Who acts: Common swifts, swifts · What happens: stay, land, eat, drink, think, sleep · To what, where: air, insects, flight
This is a sentence of the lesson «City birds: sparrows, starlings, swifts, crows and peregrines on tall buildings» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Common swifts, swifts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Common | common | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 swifts | amod |
| 2 | swifts | swift | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 stay | nsubj |
| 3 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 4 stay | aux |
| 4 | stay | stay | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 5 | in | in | ADP | _ | 7 air | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 air | det |
| 7 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 stay | obl |
| 8 | for | for | ADP | _ | 11 months | case |
| 9 | about | about | ADV | _ | 10 ten | advmod |
| 10 | ten | ten | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 11 months | nummod |
| 11 | months | month | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 stay | obl |
| 12 | without | without | SCONJ | _ | 13 landing | mark |
| 13 | landing | land | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 4 stay | advcl |
| 14 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 16 eat | punct |
| 15 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 eat | nsubj |
| 16 | eat | eat | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 stay | parataxis |
| 17 | insects | insect | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 eat | obj |
| 18 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 19 drink | cc |
| 19 | drink | drink | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 eat | conj |
| 20 | in | in | ADP | _ | 21 flight | case |
| 21 | flight | flight | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 drink | obl |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 thought | cc |
| 23 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 24 thought | aux:pass |
| 24 | thought | think | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 16 eat | conj |
| 25 | to | to | PART | _ | 26 sleep | mark |
| 26 | sleep | sleep | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 24 thought | xcomp |
| 27 | while | while | SCONJ | _ | 28 flying | mark |
| 28 | flying | fly | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 26 sleep | advcl |
| 29 | high | high | ADV | Degree=Pos | 30 up | advmod |
| 30 | up | up | ADV | _ | 28 flying | advmod |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 stay | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | stay | can | Common swifts | the air | month | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in air=Location | |||
| 2 | land | gerund | Common swifts not said here | vn pocket-9.10-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 3 | eat | present | swifts = swift | insects | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent insect=Patient | ||||
| 4 | drink | present | swifts = swift not said here | flight | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 5 | think speech: other | present · passive | swifts = swift not said here | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S_INF»: clause=Theme | |||||
| 6 | sleep | to-infinitive | swifts = swift not said here | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 7 | fly | gerund | swifts = swift not said here | vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings.lesson:10.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings/10/