City birds: sparrows, starlings, swifts, crows and peregrines on tall buildings, sentence 12

Swifts have tiny feet with all four toes able to point forward for hooking onto walls; their name Apus means without feet, and with long wings they find it hard to take off from flat ground.

Who acts: Swifts, tiny feet, name, Apus · What happens: have, point, hook, mean, find, take off · To what, where: tiny feet, walls, Apus, flat ground

This is a sentence of the lesson «City birds: sparrows, starlings, swifts, crows and peregrines on tall buildings» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Swifts, tiny feet, name, Apus), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Swifts	swift	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	nsubj
2	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 feet	amod
4	feet	foot	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	obj
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 toes	case
6	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	8 toes	det
7	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	8 toes	nummod
8	toes	toe	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 feet	nmod
9	able	able	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 toes	amod
10	to	to	PART	_	11 point	mark
11	point	point	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	9 able	xcomp
12	forward	forward	ADV	_	11 point	advmod
13	for	for	SCONJ	_	14 hooking	mark
14	hooking	hook	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	11 point	advcl
15	onto	onto	ADP	_	16 walls	case
16	walls	wall	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 hooking	obl
17	;	;	PUNCT	_	21 means	punct
18	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	19 name	nmod:poss
19	name	name	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 means	nsubj
20	Apus	apus	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 means	nsubj
21	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 have	parataxis
22	without	without	ADP	_	23 feet	case
23	feet	foot	NOUN	Number=Plur	21 means	obl
24	,	,	PUNCT	_	30 find	punct
25	and	and	CCONJ	_	30 find	cc
26	with	with	ADP	_	28 wings	case
27	long	long	ADJ	Degree=Pos	28 wings	amod
28	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	30 find	obl
29	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	30 find	nsubj
30	find	find	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	21 means	conj
31	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	30 find	expl
32	hard	hard	ADJ	Degree=Pos	30 find	xcomp
33	to	to	PART	_	34 take	mark
34	take	take	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	32 hard	xcomp
35	off	off	ADP	_	34 take	compound:prt
36	from	from	ADP	_	38 ground	case
37	flat	flat	ADJ	Degree=Pos	38 ground	amod
38	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	34 take	obl
39	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 have	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	have	present	Swifts	tiny feet		with all four toes	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent foot=Patient
2	point	to-infinitive	tiny feet not said here			forward property	vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	hook	gerund	tiny feet not said here		walls		vn coil-9.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme onto wall=Destination
4	mean	present	swifts's name			without feet	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
5	find	present	swifts = swift	Apus		with long wings; hard property	vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent
6	take off	to-infinitive	Apus not said here		flat ground		vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent from ground=Initial_Location
7	name		swifts = swift				nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings.lesson:12.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings/12/