City birds: sparrows, starlings, swifts, crows and peregrines on tall buildings, sentence 13

In winter crows gather in roosts of hundreds or thousands at night for safety and perhaps to share news of food, and they often gather calling around a dead crow, which scientists think teaches them about danger.

Who acts: crows, scientists, dead crow · What happens: gather, share, call around, think, teach · To what, where: roosts, news, dead crow, crows

This is a sentence of the lesson «City birds: sparrows, starlings, swifts, crows and peregrines on tall buildings» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (crows, scientists, dead crow), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	2 winter	case
2	winter	winter	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 gather	obl
3	crows	crow	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 gather	nsubj
4	gather	gather	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 roosts	case
6	roosts	roost	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 gather	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 hundreds	case
8	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 roosts	nmod
9	or	or	CCONJ	_	10 thousands	cc
10	thousands	thousand	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 hundreds	conj
11	at	at	ADP	_	12 night	case
12	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 gather	obl
13	for	for	ADP	_	14 safety	case
14	safety	safety	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 gather	obl
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	18 share	cc
16	perhaps	perhaps	ADV	_	18 share	advmod
17	to	to	PART	_	18 share	mark
18	share	share	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	14 safety	conj
19	news	news	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 share	obj
20	of	of	ADP	_	21 food	case
21	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 news	nmod
22	,	,	PUNCT	_	26 gather	punct
23	and	and	CCONJ	_	26 gather	cc
24	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	26 gather	nsubj
25	often	often	ADV	_	26 gather	advmod
26	gather	gather	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 gather	conj
27	calling	call	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	26 gather	xcomp
28	around	around	ADV	_	31 crow	advmod
29	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	31 crow	det
30	dead	dead	ADJ	Degree=Pos	31 crow	amod
31	crow	crow	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 calling	obj
32	,	,	PUNCT	_	35 think	punct
33	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	36 teaches	nsubj
34	scientists	scientist	NOUN	Number=Plur	35 think	nsubj
35	think	think	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	36 teaches	parataxis
36	teaches	teach	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	31 crow	acl:relcl
37	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	36 teaches	obj
38	about	about	ADP	_	39 danger	case
39	danger	danger	NOUN	Number=Sing	36 teaches	obl
40	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 gather	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	gather	present	crows			roosts of hundreds or thousands	night; winter	for safety	vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent for safety=Beneficiary
2	share	to-infinitive	crows not said here	news of food				perhaps property	tree rules
3	gather	present	crows = crow					often property	vn deduce-97.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
4	call around speech: assert	gerund	crows = crow not said here		a dead crow				vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent crow=Recipient
5	think speech: other	present	scientists						vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
6	teach speech: other	present	a dead crow		crows = crow			about danger	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent they=Recipient about danger=Topic

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings.lesson:13.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings/13/