White storks: Ukraine's favourite birds and their journey to Africa, sentence 13

Storks soar on rising warm air called thermals, which hardly form over cold water, so soaring costs them far less energy than flapping.

Who acts: Storks, rising warm air, thermals · What happens: soar, rise, call, form, cost, flap · To what, where: rising warm air, thermals, cold water, less energy · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «White storks: Ukraine's favourite birds and their journey to Africa» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Storks, rising warm air, thermals), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Storks	stork	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 soar	nsubj
2	soar	soar	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	on	on	ADP	_	6 air	case
4	rising	rise	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 air	amod
5	warm	warm	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 air	amod
6	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 soar	obl
7	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 air	acl
8	thermals	thermal	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 called	obj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 form	punct
10	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	12 form	nsubj
11	hardly	hardly	ADV	_	12 form	advmod
12	form	form	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 thermals	acl:relcl
13	over	over	ADP	_	15 water	case
14	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 water	amod
15	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 form	obl
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 energy	punct
17	so	so	ADV	_	19 costs	advmod
18	soaring	soar	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	19 costs	nsubj
19	costs	cost	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 soar	conj
20	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	19 costs	iobj
21	far	far	ADV	Degree=Pos	22 less	advmod
22	less	less	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	23 energy	amod
23	energy	energy	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 costs	obj
24	than	than	SCONJ	_	25 flapping	mark
25	flapping	flap	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	23 energy	advcl
26	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 soar	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	other	roles by
1	soar	present	Storks			rising warm air		vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme on air=Trajectory
2	rise	gerund						vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	call	participle	rising warm air not said here	thermals				vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent thermal=Recipient
4	form	present	thermals			cold water	hardly property	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over water=Location
5	soar	gerund						vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute
6	cost	present		less energy	thermals = thermal			vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Theme they=Beneficiary energy=Value
7	flap	gerund						vn body_internal_motion-49.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:375-white-storks-ukraine-s-favourite-birds-and-their-journey-to-africa.lesson:13.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/375-white-storks-ukraine-s-favourite-birds-and-their-journey-to-africa/13/