How animals talk, sentence 13
Fireflies are beetles that make cold light in their tails; each kind has its own flash code, and some females copy another kind's code to lure males and eat them.
Who acts: Fireflies, beetles, kind, females · What happens: be, make, have, copy, lure, eat · To what, where: beetles, cold light, tails, own flash code, code, males
This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals talk» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Fireflies, beetles, kind, females), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fireflies | firefly | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 beetles | nsubj |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 beetles | cop |
| 3 | beetles | beetle | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 4 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 5 make | nsubj |
| 5 | make | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 beetles | acl:relcl |
| 6 | cold | cold | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 light | amod |
| 7 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 make | obj |
| 8 | in | in | ADP | _ | 10 tails | case |
| 9 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 10 tails | nmod:poss |
| 10 | tails | tail | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 make | obl |
| 11 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 14 has | punct |
| 12 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 13 kind | det |
| 13 | kind | kind | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 has | nsubj |
| 14 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 beetles | parataxis |
| 15 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 18 code | nmod:poss |
| 16 | own | own | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 code | amod |
| 17 | flash | flash | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 code | compound |
| 18 | code | code | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 has | obj |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 copy | punct |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 copy | cc |
| 21 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 22 females | det |
| 22 | females | female | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 copy | nsubj |
| 23 | copy | copy | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 beetles | conj |
| 24 | another | another | DET | PronType=Ind | 25 kind | det |
| 25 | kind | kind | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 code | nmod:poss |
| 26 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 25 kind | case |
| 27 | code | code | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 copy | obj |
| 28 | to | to | PART | _ | 29 lure | mark |
| 29 | lure | lure | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 23 copy | advcl |
| 30 | males | male | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 lure | obj |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 eat | cc |
| 32 | eat | eat | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 29 lure | conj |
| 33 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 32 eat | obj |
| 34 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 beetles | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | Fireflies | beetles | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | make | present | beetles | cold light | Fireflies's tails | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset light=Product | |||
| 3 | have | present | each kind | kind's own flash code | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent code=Patient | ||||
| 4 | copy | present | some females | another kind's code | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent code=Theme | ||||
| 5 | lure | to-infinitive | some females not said here | males | vn lure-59.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent male=Patient | ||||
| 6 | eat | infinitive | some females not said here | males = male | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient | ||||
| 7 | code | kind | nom code «communication transitive»: poss=agent | ||||||
| 8 | code | another kind | nom code «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:050-how-animals-talk.lesson:13.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/13/