How animals talk, sentence 5
Vervet monkeys have different alarm calls for leopards, eagles and snakes: at the leopard call they run up trees, at the eagle call they dive into bushes, and at the snake call they stand and look at the ground, because each predator attacks in a different way; young vervets sometimes call at harmless birds and learn the right use from adults over time.
Who acts: Vervet monkeys, monkeys, predator, young vervets · What happens: have, run up, dive, stand, look, attack · To what, where: different alarm calls, leopard call, trees, eagle call, bushes, snake call · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals talk» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Vervet monkeys, monkeys, predator, young vervets), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vervet | vervet | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 monkeys | compound |
| 2 | monkeys | monkey | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 have | nsubj |
| 3 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | different | different | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 calls | amod |
| 5 | alarm | alarm | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 calls | compound |
| 6 | calls | call | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 have | obj |
| 7 | for | for | ADP | _ | 8 leopards | case |
| 8 | leopards | leopard | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 calls | nmod |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 eagles | punct |
| 10 | eagles | eagle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 leopards | conj |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 snakes | cc |
| 12 | snakes | snake | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 leopards | conj |
| 13 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 21 trees | punct |
| 14 | at | at | ADP | _ | 17 call | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 call | det |
| 16 | leopard | leopard | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 call | compound |
| 17 | call | call | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 have | obl |
| 18 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 19 run | nsubj |
| 19 | run | run | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 call | acl:relcl |
| 20 | up | up | ADP | _ | 19 run | compound:prt |
| 21 | trees | tree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 run | obj |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 call | punct |
| 23 | at | at | ADP | _ | 26 call | case |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 call | det |
| 25 | eagle | eagle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 call | compound |
| 26 | call | call | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 have | obl |
| 27 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 28 dive | nsubj |
| 28 | dive | dive | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 call | acl:relcl |
| 29 | into | into | ADP | _ | 30 bushes | case |
| 30 | bushes | bush | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 dive | obl |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 call | punct |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 36 call | cc |
| 33 | at | at | ADP | _ | 36 call | case |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 call | det |
| 35 | snake | snake | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 call | compound |
| 36 | call | call | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 have | parataxis |
| 37 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 38 stand | nsubj |
| 38 | stand | stand | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 36 call | acl:relcl |
| 39 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 40 look | cc |
| 40 | look | look | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 38 stand | conj |
| 41 | at | at | ADP | _ | 43 ground | case |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 43 ground | det |
| 43 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 look | obl |
| 44 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 48 attacks | punct |
| 45 | because | because | SCONJ | ExtPos=ADP | 48 attacks | mark |
| 46 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 47 predator | det |
| 47 | predator | predator | NOUN | Number=Sing | 48 attacks | nsubj |
| 48 | attacks | attack | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 40 look | advcl |
| 49 | in | in | ADP | _ | 52 way | case |
| 50 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 52 way | det |
| 51 | different | different | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 52 way | amod |
| 52 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 48 attacks | obl |
| 53 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 55 vervets | punct |
| 54 | young | young | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 55 vervets | amod |
| 55 | vervets | vervet | NOUN | Number=Plur | 57 call | nsubj |
| 56 | sometimes | sometimes | ADV | PronType=Ind | 57 call | advmod |
| 57 | call | call | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 36 call | conj |
| 58 | at | at | ADP | _ | 60 birds | case |
| 59 | harmless | harmless | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 60 birds | amod |
| 60 | birds | bird | NOUN | Number=Plur | 57 call | obl |
| 61 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 62 learn | cc |
| 62 | learn | learn | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 57 call | conj |
| 63 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 65 use | det |
| 64 | right | right | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 65 use | amod |
| 65 | use | use | NOUN | Number=Sing | 62 learn | obj |
| 66 | from | from | ADP | _ | 67 adults | case |
| 67 | adults | adult | NOUN | Number=Plur | 65 use | nmod |
| 68 | over | over | ADP | _ | 69 time | case |
| 69 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 62 learn | obl |
| 70 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 have | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | Vervet monkeys | different alarm calls | the leopard call | for leopards and eagles and snakes; at the eagle call | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent call=Patient | ||
| 2 | run up | present | monkeys = monkey | trees | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme tree=Trajectory | ||||
| 3 | dive | present | monkeys = monkey | the eagle call not said here | bushes | vn meander-47.7 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location call=Theme | |||
| 4 | stand | present | monkeys = monkey | the snake call not said here | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer call=Stimulus | ||||
| 5 | look | present | monkeys = monkey not said here | at the ground | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at ground=Theme | ||||
| 6 | attack | present | each predator | a different way | vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 7 | call | present | young vervets | at harmless birds; sometimes property | vn animal_sounds-38 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Agent at bird=Stimulus | ||||
| 8 | learn | present | young vervets not said here | the right use | time | from adults | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent use=Topic from adult=Source |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:050-how-animals-talk.lesson:5.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/5/