How animals hunt, sentence 14

Grey wolves hunt in family packs, chasing deer, elk or moose over long distances; they are built for stamina rather than speed, and they often pick out a young, old or sick animal that will tire first and is less likely to hurt them.

Who acts: Grey wolves, wolves, young old animal · What happens: hunt, chase, build, pick out, tire, be · To what, where: family packs, deer, wolves, young old animal

This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals hunt» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Grey wolves, wolves, young old animal), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Grey	grey	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 wolves	amod
2	wolves	wolf	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 hunt	nsubj
3	hunt	hunt	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	6 packs	case
5	family	family	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 packs	compound
6	packs	pack	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 hunt	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 deer	punct
8	chasing	chase	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 hunt	advcl
9	deer	deer	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 chasing	obj
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 elk	punct
11	elk	elk	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 deer	conj
12	or	or	CCONJ	_	13 moose	cc
13	moose	moose	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 elk	conj
14	over	over	ADV	_	15 long	advmod
15	long	long	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 distances	amod
16	distances	distance	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 chasing	obl
17	;	;	PUNCT	_	20 built	punct
18	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	20 built	nsubj:pass
19	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	20 built	aux:pass
20	built	build	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 hunt	parataxis
21	for	for	ADP	_	22 stamina	case
22	stamina	stamina	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 built	obl
23	rather	rather	ADV	ExtPos=CCONJ	25 speed	cc
24	than	than	ADP	_	23 rather	fixed
25	speed	speed	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 stamina	conj
26	,	,	PUNCT	_	30 pick	punct
27	and	and	CCONJ	_	30 pick	cc
28	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	30 pick	nsubj
29	often	often	ADV	_	30 pick	advmod
30	pick	pick	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 hunt	conj
31	out	out	ADP	_	30 pick	compound:prt
32	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	38 animal	det
33	young	young	ADJ	Degree=Pos	38 animal	amod
34	,	,	PUNCT	_	35 old	punct
35	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	38 animal	amod
36	or	or	CCONJ	_	37 sick	cc
37	sick	sick	ADJ	Degree=Pos	35 old	conj
38	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	30 pick	obj
39	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	41 tire	nsubj
40	will	will	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	41 tire	aux
41	tire	tire	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	38 animal	acl:relcl
42	first	first	ADV	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	41 tire	advmod
43	and	and	CCONJ	_	46 likely	cc
44	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	46 likely	cop
45	less	less	ADV	Degree=Cmp	46 likely	advmod
46	likely	likely	ADJ	Degree=Pos	41 tire	conj
47	to	to	PART	_	48 hurt	mark
48	hurt	hurt	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	46 likely	xcomp
49	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	48 hurt	obj
50	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 hunt	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	hunt	present	Grey wolves		family packs		vn hunt-35.1 «NP V PP.theme PP.location»: agent=Agent in pack=Location
2	chase	gerund	Grey wolves not said here	deer and elk or moose		long distances obl	vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent deer=Theme
3	build	present · passive		wolves = wolf		for stamina rather speed	vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP P.asset»: subject=Product for stamina=Asset
4	pick out	present	wolves = wolf	a young old animal		often property	vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent animal=Patient
5	tire	future	a young old animal			first property	vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer
6	is	present	a young old animal not said here			less, likely property	tree rules
7	hurt	to-infinitive	a young old animal not said here	wolves = wolf			vn hurt-40.8.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer they=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:052-how-animals-hunt.lesson:14.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/52-how-animals-hunt/14/