Roots, stems and leaves, sentence 10

A cactus's spines are leaves changed into points; its fat green stem stores water and does the photosynthesis, and a thick waxy skin keeps water in; many cacti open their stomata only at night, when it is cool and much less water is lost.

Who acts: spines, fat green stem, thick waxy skin, many cacti, water, cactus · What happens: be, change, store, do, keep in, open · To what, where: leaves, points, water, photosynthesis, stomata, less water

This is a sentence of the lesson «Roots, stems and leaves» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (spines, fat green stem, thick waxy skin, many cacti), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 cactus	det
2	cactus	cactus	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 spines	nmod:poss
3	's	's	PART	_	2 cactus	case
4	spines	spine	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 leaves	nsubj
5	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 leaves	cop
6	leaves	leaf	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
7	changed	change	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 leaves	acl
8	into	into	ADP	_	9 points	case
9	points	point	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 changed	obl
10	;	;	PUNCT	_	6 leaves	punct
11	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	14 stem	nmod:poss
12	fat	fat	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 stem	amod
13	green	green	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 stem	amod
14	stem	stem	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 stores	nsubj
15	stores	store	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 changed	conj
16	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 stores	obj
17	and	and	CCONJ	_	18 does	cc
18	does	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	15 stores	conj
19	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	20 photosynthesis	det
20	photosynthesis	photosynthesis	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 does	obj
21	,	,	PUNCT	_	27 keeps	punct
22	and	and	CCONJ	_	27 keeps	cc
23	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	26 skin	det
24	thick	thick	ADJ	Degree=Pos	26 skin	amod
25	waxy	waxy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	26 skin	amod
26	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 keeps	nsubj
27	keeps	keep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	15 stores	conj
28	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 keeps	obj
29	in	in	ADP	_	27 keeps	compound:prt
30	;	;	PUNCT	_	35 stomata	punct
31	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	32 cacti	amod
32	cacti	cactus	NOUN	Number=Plur	33 open	nsubj
33	open	open	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 leaves	conj
34	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	35 stomata	nmod:poss
35	stomata	stoma	NOUN	Number=Plur	33 open	obj
36	only	only	ADV	_	38 night	advmod
37	at	at	ADP	_	38 night	case
38	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	33 open	obl
39	,	,	PUNCT	_	43 cool	punct
40	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	43 cool	advmod
41	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	43 cool	nsubj
42	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	43 cool	cop
43	cool	cool	ADJ	Degree=Pos	33 open	advcl
44	and	and	CCONJ	_	45 much	cc
45	much	much	ADJ	Degree=Pos	43 cool	conj
46	less	less	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	47 water	amod
47	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	49 lost	nsubj:pass
48	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	49 lost	aux:pass
49	lost	lose	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	43 cool	conj
50	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 leaves	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	a cactus's spines	leaves			tree rules
2	change	participle		leaves not said here		into points result	vn turn-26.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.result»: agent=Patient into point=Result
3	store	present	cactus's fat green stem	water			vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme
4	do	present	cactus's fat green stem not said here	the photosynthesis			vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent photosynthesis=Eventuality
5	keep in	present	a thick waxy skin	water			vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme
6	open	present	many cacti	leaves's stomata	night		vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location stoma=Theme
7	is	present	water			cool property	tree rules
8	be		water not said here				tree rules
9	lose	present · passive		less water			vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality
10	stem		cactus				nom stem «communication transitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:057-roots-stems-and-leaves.lesson:10.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/57-roots-stems-and-leaves/10/