The Arctic: ice, snow and the polar bear's world, sentence 16
The bowhead whale can smash through ice about 60 cm thick with its head to make a hole to breathe, has blubber up to about 50 cm thick, and some are thought to have lived over 200 years.
Who acts: bowhead whale · What happens: smash, make, breathe, have up, think, live · To what, where: ice, hole, blubber, some
This is a sentence of the lesson «The Arctic: ice, snow and the polar bear's world» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bowhead whale), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 whale | det |
| 2 | bowhead | bowhead | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 whale | compound |
| 3 | whale | whale | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 smash | nsubj |
| 4 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 5 smash | aux |
| 5 | smash | smash | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 6 | through | through | ADP | _ | 7 ice | case |
| 7 | ice | ice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 smash | obl |
| 8 | about | about | ADV | _ | 9 60 | advmod |
| 9 | 60 | 60 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 10 cm | nummod |
| 10 | cm | cm | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 thick | obl:unmarked |
| 11 | thick | thick | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 ice | acl |
| 12 | with | with | ADP | _ | 14 head | case |
| 13 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 14 head | nmod:poss |
| 14 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 smash | obl |
| 15 | to | to | PART | _ | 16 make | mark |
| 16 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 5 smash | advcl |
| 17 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 18 hole | det |
| 18 | hole | hole | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 make | obj |
| 19 | to | to | PART | _ | 20 breathe | mark |
| 20 | breathe | breathe | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 18 hole | acl |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 has | punct |
| 22 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 smash | conj |
| 23 | blubber | blubber | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 has | obj |
| 24 | up | up | ADP | _ | 22 has | compound:prt |
| 25 | to | to | ADP | _ | 28 cm | case |
| 26 | about | about | ADV | _ | 27 50 | advmod |
| 27 | 50 | 50 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 28 cm | nummod |
| 28 | cm | cm | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 has | obl |
| 29 | thick | thick | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 28 cm | conj |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 thought | punct |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 34 thought | cc |
| 32 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 34 thought | nsubj:pass |
| 33 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 34 thought | aux:pass |
| 34 | thought | think | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 5 smash | conj |
| 35 | to | to | PART | _ | 37 lived | mark |
| 36 | have | have | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 37 lived | aux |
| 37 | lived | live | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 34 thought | xcomp |
| 38 | over | over | ADV | _ | 39 200 | advmod |
| 39 | 200 | 200 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 40 years | nummod |
| 40 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 37 lived | obl:unmarked |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 smash | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | smash | can | the bowhead whale | ice | with whale's head | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V PP PP»: agent=Agent with head=Instrument | |||
| 2 | make | to-infinitive | the bowhead whale not said here | a hole | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset hole=Product | ||||
| 3 | breathe | to-infinitive | the bowhead whale not said here | a hole not said here | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | have up | present | the bowhead whale not said here | blubber | to 50 cm | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent blubber=Patient | |||
| 5 | think speech: other | present · passive | some | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme | |||||
| 6 | live | to-infinitive · perfect | year | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:006-the-arctic.lesson:16.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/6-the-arctic/16/