The Arctic: ice, snow and the polar bear's world, sentence 5
Polar bears hunt seals from the sea ice and swim well, kept warm by fat up to about 10 cm thick; their skin is black and their hairs are see-through, only looking white because they scatter the light, like snow does.
Who acts: Polar bears, skin, hairs · What happens: hunt, swim, keep, be, see, look · To what, where: seals, sea ice, light
This is a sentence of the lesson «The Arctic: ice, snow and the polar bear's world» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Polar bears, skin, hairs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Polar | polar | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 bears | amod |
| 2 | bears | bear | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 hunt | nsubj |
| 3 | hunt | hunt | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | seals | seal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 hunt | obj |
| 5 | from | from | ADP | _ | 8 ice | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 ice | det |
| 7 | sea | sea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 ice | compound |
| 8 | ice | ice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 hunt | obl |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 swim | cc |
| 10 | swim | swim | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 hunt | conj |
| 11 | well | well | ADV | _ | 10 swim | advmod |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 kept | punct |
| 13 | kept | keep | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 hunt | advcl |
| 14 | warm | warm | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 kept | xcomp |
| 15 | by | by | ADP | _ | 16 fat | case |
| 16 | fat | fat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 warm | obl |
| 17 | up | up | ADV | _ | 22 thick | advmod |
| 18 | to | to | ADP | _ | 21 cm | case |
| 19 | about | about | ADV | _ | 20 10 | advmod |
| 20 | 10 | 10 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 21 cm | nummod |
| 21 | cm | cm | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 thick | obl:unmarked |
| 22 | thick | thick | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 warm | conj |
| 23 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 27 black | punct |
| 24 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 25 skin | nmod:poss |
| 25 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 black | nsubj |
| 26 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 27 black | cop |
| 27 | black | black | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 hunt | parataxis |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 hairs | cc |
| 29 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 30 hairs | nmod:poss |
| 30 | hairs | hair | NOUN | Number=Plur | 34 through | nsubj |
| 31 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 34 through | cop |
| 32 | see | see | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 34 through | compound |
| 33 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 34 through | punct |
| 34 | through | through | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 black | conj |
| 35 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 through | punct |
| 36 | only | only | ADV | _ | 37 looking | advmod |
| 37 | looking | look | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 34 through | advcl |
| 38 | white | white | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 37 looking | xcomp |
| 39 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 41 scatter | mark |
| 40 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 41 scatter | nsubj |
| 41 | scatter | scatter | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 37 looking | advcl |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 43 light | det |
| 43 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 scatter | obj |
| 44 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 47 does | punct |
| 45 | like | like | SCONJ | _ | 47 does | mark |
| 46 | snow | snow | NOUN | Number=Sing | 47 does | nsubj |
| 47 | does | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 41 scatter | advcl |
| 48 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 hunt | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hunt | present | Polar bears | seals | the sea ice | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent seal=Theme | |||
| 2 | swim | present | Polar bears not said here | well property | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 3 | keep | participle | Polar bears not said here | warm property | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | is | present | seals's skin | black property | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | see | infinitive | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | ||||||
| 6 | is | present | seals's hairs | through property | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | look | gerund | seals's hairs not said here | white property | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus | ||||
| 8 | scatter | present | hairs = hair | the light | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent light=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:006-the-arctic.lesson:5.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/6-the-arctic/5/