Evolution simply: why living things change over many generations, sentence 1

If some of those differences help an animal survive and raise more young, the next generation has a little more of them, and over thousands of generations small nudges add up to big changes; this is natural selection.

Who acts: some, animal, next generation, small nudges, this · What happens: help, survive, raise, have, add up, be · To what, where: animal, young, more, thousands, natural selection

This is a sentence of the lesson «Evolution simply: why living things change over many generations» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (some, animal, next generation, small nudges), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	If	if	SCONJ	_	6 help	mark
2	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	6 help	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 differences	case
4	those	that	DET	Number=Plur PronType=Dem	5 differences	det
5	differences	difference	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 some	nmod
6	help	help	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	41 selection	advcl
7	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 animal	det
8	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 help	obj
9	survive	survive	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 help	xcomp
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 raise	cc
11	raise	raise	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	9 survive	conj
12	more	more	ADV	Degree=Cmp	13 young	advmod
13	young	young	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 raise	obj
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 has	punct
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 generation	det
16	next	next	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 generation	amod
17	generation	generation	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 has	nsubj
18	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 raise	advcl
19	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	20 little	det
20	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	21 more	obl
21	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	18 has	obj
22	of	of	ADP	_	23 them	case
23	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	21 more	obl
24	,	,	PUNCT	_	32 add	punct
25	and	and	CCONJ	_	32 add	cc
26	over	over	ADP	_	27 thousands	case
27	thousands	thousand	NOUN	Number=Plur	32 add	obl
28	of	of	ADP	_	29 generations	case
29	generations	generation	NOUN	Number=Plur	27 thousands	nmod
30	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	31 nudges	amod
31	nudges	nudge	NOUN	Number=Plur	32 add	nsubj
32	add	add	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	18 has	conj
33	up	up	ADP	_	32 add	compound:prt
34	to	to	ADP	_	36 changes	case
35	big	big	ADJ	Degree=Pos	36 changes	amod
36	changes	change	NOUN	Number=Plur	32 add	obl
37	;	;	PUNCT	_	41 selection	punct
38	this	this	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	41 selection	nsubj
39	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	41 selection	cop
40	natural	natural	ADJ	Degree=Pos	41 selection	amod
41	selection	selection	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
42	.	.	PUNCT	_	41 selection	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	help a condition, not said to happen	infinitive	some	a animal			vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent animal=Beneficiary clause=Theme
2	survive	infinitive	a animal not said here				vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	raise	infinitive	a animal not said here	young			vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent young=Theme
4	have	present	the next generation	more			vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent more=Patient
5	add up speech: assert	present	small nudges		thousands of generations	to big changes	vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient to change=Co-Patient
6	is a	present	this	natural selection			tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:073-evolution-simply.lesson:1.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/73-evolution-simply/1/