Evolution simply: why living things change over many generations, sentence 10

Bacteria can divide as often as every 20 minutes, so a few tough survivors of antibiotics can multiply into resistant bacteria within days, which is why medicine must be taken exactly as the doctor says: stopping early can leave the toughest bacteria alive to multiply.

Who acts: Bacteria, few tough survivors, doctor · What happens: divide, multiply, be, take, say, stop · To what, where: resistant bacteria, medicine, toughest bacteria · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Evolution simply: why living things change over many generations» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bacteria, few tough survivors, doctor), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 divide	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 divide	aux
3	divide	divide	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	as	as	ADV	_	5 often	advmod
5	often	often	ADV	_	3 divide	advmod
6	as	as	ADP	_	9 minutes	case
7	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	9 minutes	det
8	20	20	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	9 minutes	nummod
9	minutes	minute	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 divide	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 multiply	punct
11	so	so	ADV	_	19 multiply	advmod
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 survivors	det
13	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 survivors	amod
14	tough	tough	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 survivors	amod
15	survivors	survivor	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 multiply	nsubj
16	of	of	ADP	_	17 antibiotics	case
17	antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 survivors	nmod
18	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	19 multiply	aux
19	multiply	multiply	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 divide	parataxis
20	into	into	ADP	_	22 bacteria	case
21	resistant	resistant	ADJ	Degree=Pos	22 bacteria	amod
22	bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 multiply	obl
23	within	within	ADP	_	24 days	case
24	days	day	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 multiply	obl
25	,	,	PUNCT	_	28 why	punct
26	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	28 why	nsubj
27	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	28 why	cop
28	why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	32 taken	advmod
29	medicine	medicine	NOUN	Number=Sing	32 taken	nsubj:pass
30	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	32 taken	aux
31	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	32 taken	aux:pass
32	taken	take	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	19 multiply	advcl
33	exactly	exactly	ADV	_	32 taken	advmod
34	as	as	SCONJ	_	37 says	mark
35	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	36 doctor	det
36	doctor	doctor	NOUN	Number=Sing	37 says	nsubj
37	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	32 taken	advcl
38	:	:	PUNCT	_	42 leave	punct
39	stopping	stop	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	42 leave	advcl
40	early	early	ADV	Degree=Pos	39 stopping	advmod
41	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	42 leave	aux
42	leave	leave	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	37 says	ccomp
43	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	45 bacteria	det
44	toughest	tough	ADJ	Degree=Sup	45 bacteria	amod
45	bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	Number=Sing	42 leave	obj
46	alive	alive	ADJ	Degree=Pos	42 leave	xcomp
47	to	to	PART	_	48 multiply	mark
48	multiply	multiply	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	46 alive	advcl
49	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 divide	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	divide	can	Bacteria			minute	often property	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
2	multiply	can	a few tough survivors of antibiotics		resistant bacteria	day		vn birth-28.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	is	present					why property	tree rules
4	take	must · passive		medicine			exactly property	vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
5	say speech: assert	present	the doctor					vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
6	stop	gerund					early property	vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
7	leave	can		the toughest bacteria			alive property	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacteria=Theme
8	multiply	to-infinitive						vn birth-28.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:073-evolution-simply.lesson:10.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/73-evolution-simply/10/