The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as living dinosaurs, sentence 14
Many bird bones are hollow with thin struts and connect to air sacs for breathing, which makes them light but still strong for flying; giant sauropod dinosaurs had air sacs in their bones too.
Who acts: Many bird bones, giant sauropod dinosaurs · What happens: be, connect, make, fly, have · To what, where: sacs, air sacs, bones
This is a sentence of the lesson «The end of the dinosaurs, and birds as living dinosaurs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Many bird bones, giant sauropod dinosaurs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 bones | amod |
| 2 | bird | bird | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 bones | compound |
| 3 | bones | bone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 hollow | nsubj |
| 4 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 hollow | cop |
| 5 | hollow | hollow | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 6 | with | with | ADP | _ | 8 struts | case |
| 7 | thin | thin | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 struts | amod |
| 8 | struts | strut | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 hollow | obl |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 connect | cc |
| 10 | connect | connect | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 hollow | conj |
| 11 | to | to | ADP | _ | 13 sacs | case |
| 12 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 sacs | compound |
| 13 | sacs | sac | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 connect | obl |
| 14 | for | for | ADP | _ | 15 breathing | case |
| 15 | breathing | breathing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 sacs | nmod |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 makes | punct |
| 17 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 18 makes | nsubj |
| 18 | makes | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 connect | conj |
| 19 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 makes | obj |
| 20 | light | light | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 makes | xcomp |
| 21 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 23 strong | cc |
| 22 | still | still | ADV | _ | 23 strong | advmod |
| 23 | strong | strong | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 light | conj |
| 24 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 25 flying | mark |
| 25 | flying | fly | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 23 strong | advcl |
| 26 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 30 had | punct |
| 27 | giant | giant | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 dinosaurs | amod |
| 28 | sauropod | sauropod | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 dinosaurs | compound |
| 29 | dinosaurs | dinosaur | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 had | nsubj |
| 30 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 hollow | parataxis |
| 31 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 sacs | compound |
| 32 | sacs | sac | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 had | obj |
| 33 | in | in | ADP | _ | 35 bones | case |
| 34 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 35 bones | nmod:poss |
| 35 | bones | bone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 had | obl |
| 36 | too | too | ADV | _ | 30 had | advmod |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 hollow | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | Many bird bones | with thin struts; hollow property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | connect | present | Many bird bones not said here | to air sacs for breathing | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Patient to sac=Co-Patient | ||||
| 3 | make | present | sacs = sac | light property | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset they=Product | ||||
| 4 | fly | gerund | vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 5 | have | past | giant sauropod dinosaurs | air sacs | dinosaurs's bones | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sac=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:076-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds.lesson:14.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/76-end-of-the-dinosaurs-and-birds/14/