Endangered animals and extinction, sentence 2
Most extinctions today are caused by people, by cutting down homes, hunting, bringing in rats and diseases, and dropping plastic; the good news is that the same people can protect animals, and tigers in India and Nepal are already increasing.
Who acts: people, same people, tigers · What happens: cause, cut down, hunt, bring, drop, be · To what, where: Most extinctions, homes, rats, plastic, good news, animals
This is a sentence of the lesson «Endangered animals and extinction» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, same people, tigers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Most | most | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 2 extinctions | amod |
| 2 | extinctions | extinction | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 caused | nsubj |
| 3 | today | today | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 caused | obl:unmarked |
| 4 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 caused | aux:pass |
| 5 | caused | cause | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | by | by | ADP | _ | 7 people | case |
| 7 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 caused | obl:agent |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 cutting | punct |
| 9 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 10 cutting | mark |
| 10 | cutting | cut | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 5 caused | advcl |
| 11 | down | down | ADP | _ | 10 cutting | compound:prt |
| 12 | homes | home | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 cutting | obj |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 hunting | punct |
| 14 | hunting | hunt | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 10 cutting | conj |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 bringing | punct |
| 16 | bringing | bring | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 10 cutting | conj |
| 17 | in | in | ADP | _ | 18 rats | case |
| 18 | rats | rat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 bringing | obl |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 diseases | cc |
| 20 | diseases | disease | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 rats | conj |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 dropping | punct |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 dropping | cc |
| 23 | dropping | drop | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 10 cutting | conj |
| 24 | plastic | plastic | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 dropping | obj |
| 25 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 5 caused | punct |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 news | det |
| 27 | good | good | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 28 news | amod |
| 28 | news | news | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 caused | parataxis |
| 29 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 28 news | cop |
| 30 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 35 protect | mark |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 people | det |
| 32 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 33 people | amod |
| 33 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 35 protect | nsubj |
| 34 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 35 protect | aux |
| 35 | protect | protect | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 28 news | ccomp |
| 36 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 35 protect | obj |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 46 increasing | punct |
| 38 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 39 tigers | cc |
| 39 | tigers | tiger | NOUN | Number=Plur | 46 increasing | nsubj |
| 40 | in | in | ADP | _ | 41 India | case |
| 41 | India | India | PROPN | Number=Sing | 39 tigers | nmod |
| 42 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 43 Nepal | cc |
| 43 | Nepal | Nepal | PROPN | Number=Sing | 41 India | conj |
| 44 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 46 increasing | aux |
| 45 | already | already | ADV | _ | 46 increasing | advmod |
| 46 | increasing | increase | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 5 caused | conj |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 caused | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cause | present · passive | people | Most extinctions | today | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient | |||
| 2 | cut down | gerund | people not said here | homes | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset home=Product | ||||
| 3 | hunt | gerund | people not said here | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | bring | gerund | people not said here | rats and diseases | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 5 | drop | gerund | people not said here | plastic | vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plastic=Theme | ||||
| 6 | is a | present | the good news | tree rules | |||||
| 7 | protect | can | the same people | animals | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent animal=Beneficiary | ||||
| 8 | increase | present · progressive | tigers in India and Nepal | vn caused_calibratable_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:077-endangered-animals-and-extinction.lesson:2.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×2, R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/77-endangered-animals-and-extinction/2/