The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the rays, sentence 17

Shark skin is covered in tiny tooth-like scales called denticles, which feel smooth one way and like sandpaper the other and help water slip past.

Who acts: tiny like scales, water · What happens: cover, call, feel, help, slip past · To what, where: Shark skin, denticles, one way · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «The aquarium: the shark tunnel and the rays» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tiny like scales, water), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Shark	shark	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 skin	compound
2	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 covered	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 covered	aux:pass
4	covered	cover	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	in	in	ADP	_	10 scales	case
6	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 scales	amod
7	tooth	tooth	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 like	compound
8	-	-	PUNCT	_	7 tooth	punct
9	like	like	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 scales	amod
10	scales	scale	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 covered	obl
11	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 scales	acl
12	denticles	denticle	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 called	xcomp
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 feel	punct
14	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	15 feel	nsubj
15	feel	feel	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 scales	acl:relcl
16	smooth	smooth	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 feel	xcomp
17	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	18 way	nummod
18	way	way	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 feel	obl
19	and	and	CCONJ	_	21 sandpaper	cc
20	like	like	ADP	_	21 sandpaper	case
21	sandpaper	sandpaper	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 way	conj
22	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	23 other	det
23	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 smooth	obl
24	and	and	CCONJ	_	25 help	cc
25	help	help	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	15 feel	conj
26	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 slip	nsubj
27	slip	slip	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	25 help	xcomp
28	past	past	ADV	_	27 slip	advmod
29	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 covered	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	cover	present · passive		Shark skin	in tiny like scales	vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in scale=Theme
2	call	participle	tiny like scales not said here	denticles		vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	feel	present	tiny like scales	one way and sandpaper	smooth property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
4	help	present	tiny like scales not said here			vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
5	slip past	infinitive	water		past property	vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:091-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays.lesson:17.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/91-the-aquarium-the-shark-tunnel-and-the-rays/17/