Just So Stories (Rudyard Kipling), 4: How the Leopard got his Spots, part 2 (One, two, three, and where's your breakfast?), sentence 23
Real biology: leopards hunt mostly at night by creeping close and pouncing, and often drag their prey up a tree; scientists still argue why zebras have stripes, and a strong idea is that stripes keep biting flies from landing.
Who acts: leopards, scientists, zebras, stripes, strong idea · What happens: hunt, creep, pounce, drag up, argue, have · To what, where: prey, stripes · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Just So Stories (Rudyard Kipling), 4: How the Leopard got his Spots, part 2 (One, two, three, and where's your breakfast?)» of the books course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (leopards, scientists, zebras, stripes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Real | real | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 biology | amod |
| 2 | biology | biology | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 hunt | dislocated |
| 3 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 5 hunt | punct |
| 4 | leopards | leopard | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 hunt | nsubj |
| 5 | hunt | hunt | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | mostly | mostly | ADV | _ | 8 night | advmod |
| 7 | at | at | ADP | _ | 8 night | case |
| 8 | night | night | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 hunt | obl |
| 9 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 10 creeping | mark |
| 10 | creeping | creep | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 5 hunt | advcl |
| 11 | close | close | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 creeping | xcomp |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 pouncing | cc |
| 13 | pouncing | pounce | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 10 creeping | conj |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 drag | punct |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 drag | cc |
| 16 | often | often | ADV | _ | 17 drag | advmod |
| 17 | drag | drag | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 hunt | conj |
| 18 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 19 prey | nmod:poss |
| 19 | prey | prey | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 drag | obj |
| 20 | up | up | ADP | _ | 17 drag | compound:prt |
| 21 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 22 tree | det |
| 22 | tree | tree | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 drag | obj |
| 23 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 26 argue | punct |
| 24 | scientists | scientist | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 argue | nsubj |
| 25 | still | still | ADV | _ | 26 argue | advmod |
| 26 | argue | argue | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 drag | parataxis |
| 27 | why | why | ADV | PronType=Int | 29 have | advmod |
| 28 | zebras | zebra | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 have | nsubj |
| 29 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 argue | ccomp |
| 30 | stripes | stripe | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 have | obj |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 biting | punct |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 40 biting | cc |
| 33 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 35 idea | det |
| 34 | strong | strong | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 idea | amod |
| 35 | idea | idea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 biting | nsubj:outer |
| 36 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 40 biting | cop |
| 37 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 39 keep | mark |
| 38 | stripes | stripe | NOUN | Number=Plur | 39 keep | nsubj |
| 39 | keep | keep | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 argue | conj |
| 40 | biting | bite | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 39 keep | xcomp |
| 41 | flies | fly | NOUN | Number=Plur | 40 biting | obj |
| 42 | from | from | ADP | _ | 43 landing | case |
| 43 | landing | landing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 flies | nmod |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 biology | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hunt | present | leopards | night | Real biology dislocated | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||
| 2 | creep | gerund | leopards not said here | close property | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 3 | pounce | gerund | leopards not said here | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 4 | drag up | present | leopards not said here | Leopard's prey | often property | tree rules | |||
| 5 | argue speech: disagree | present | scientists | still | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||
| 6 | have | present | zebras | stripes | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stripe=Patient | ||||
| 7 | keep | present | stripes | tree rules | |||||
| 8 | is | present | a strong idea | bite property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:books:078-justso-leopard-spots-2.lesson:23.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/books/78-justso-leopard-spots-2/23/