Gases all around: breath and balloons, sentence 5

Heat them and they move faster and spread out, which is why a hot-air balloon rises; cool them and they slow down, which is why a car tyre looks softer on a frosty morning.

Who acts: you, gases, air balloon, car tyre · What happens: heat, move, spread out, be, rise, cool · To what, where: gases

This is a sentence of the lesson «Gases all around: breath and balloons» of the chemistry course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, gases, air balloon, car tyre), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Heat	heat	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	1 Heat	obj
3	and	and	CCONJ	_	5 move	cc
4	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 move	nsubj
5	move	move	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 Heat	conj
6	faster	fast	ADV	Degree=Cmp	5 move	advmod
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 spread	cc
8	spread	spread	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 move	conj
9	out	out	ADP	_	8 spread	compound:prt
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 why	punct
11	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	13 why	nsubj
12	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 why	cop
13	why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	1 Heat	conj
14	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 balloon	det
15	hot	hot	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 air	amod
16	-	-	PUNCT	_	15 hot	punct
17	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 balloon	compound
18	balloon	balloon	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 rises	nsubj
19	rises	rise	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 why	ccomp
20	;	;	PUNCT	_	21 cool	punct
21	cool	cool	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	1 Heat	parataxis
22	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	21 cool	obj
23	and	and	CCONJ	_	25 slow	cc
24	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	25 slow	nsubj
25	slow	slow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	21 cool	conj
26	down	down	ADP	_	25 slow	compound:prt
27	,	,	PUNCT	_	30 why	punct
28	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	30 why	nsubj
29	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	30 why	cop
30	why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	13 why	advcl:relcl
31	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	33 tyre	det
32	car	car	NOUN	Number=Sing	33 tyre	compound
33	tyre	tyre	NOUN	Number=Sing	34 looks	nsubj
34	looks	look	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	30 why	advcl:relcl
35	softer	soft	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	34 looks	xcomp
36	on	on	ADP	_	39 morning	case
37	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	39 morning	det
38	frosty	frosty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	39 morning	amod
39	morning	morning	NOUN	Number=Sing	34 looks	obl
40	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Heat	punct

Pragmatics

form: command
act: request
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	heat	imperative	you not said here	gases = gas			vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent they=Patient
2	move	present	gases = gas			fast property	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
3	spread out	present	gases = gas not said here				vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4	is	present				why property	tree rules
5	rise	present	a air balloon				vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent
6	cool	infinitive		gases = gas			vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent they=Patient
7	slow down	present	gases = gas				vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
8	is	present				why property	tree rules
9	look	present	a car tyre		morning	soft property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:chemistry:020-gases-all-around-breath-and-balloons.lesson:5.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×4, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chemistry/20-gases-all-around-breath-and-balloons/5/