Hello and goodbye: the first words at the gate, sentence 14

bāibāi («bye-bye», high and level) is borrowed from English and is very common in Chinese families in Britain; to a grandparent or teacher zàijiàn is safer.

What happens: borrow, be · To what, where: bāibāi, English, Chinese families

This is a sentence of the lesson «Hello and goodbye: the first words at the gate» of the chinese street course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	bāibāi	bāibāi	X	Foreign=Yes	14 borrowed	nsubj:pass
2	(	(	PUNCT	_	6 bye	punct
3	«	«	PUNCT	_	6 bye	punct
4	bye	bye	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 bye	compound
5	-	-	PUNCT	_	6 bye	punct
6	bye	bye	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 bāibāi	appos
7	»	»	PUNCT	_	6 bye	punct
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 high	punct
9	high	high	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 bāibāi	conj
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 level	cc
11	level	level	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 high	conj
12	)	)	PUNCT	_	1 bāibāi	punct
13	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 borrowed	aux:pass
14	borrowed	borrow	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
15	from	from	ADP	_	16 English	case
16	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	14 borrowed	obl
17	and	and	CCONJ	_	20 common	cc
18	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	20 common	cop
19	very	very	ADV	_	20 common	advmod
20	common	common	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 borrowed	conj
21	in	in	ADP	_	23 families	case
22	Chinese	Chinese	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 families	amod
23	families	family	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 common	obl
24	in	in	ADP	_	25 Britain	case
25	Britain	Britain	PROPN	Number=Sing	23 families	nmod
26	;	;	PUNCT	_	34 safer	punct
27	to	to	ADP	_	29 grandparent	case
28	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	29 grandparent	det
29	grandparent	grandparent	NOUN	Number=Sing	34 safer	obl
30	or	or	CCONJ	_	32 zàijiàn	cc
31	teacher	teacher	NOUN	Number=Sing	32 zàijiàn	compound
32	zàijiàn	zàijiàn	NOUN	Number=Sing	29 grandparent	conj
33	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	34 safer	cop
34	safer	safe	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	14 borrowed	conj
35	.	.	PUNCT	_	14 borrowed	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	borrow	present · passive	bāibāi	English		vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme from english=Source
2	is	present		Chinese families in Britain	common property	tree rules
3	is	present			to a grandparent or teacher zàijiàn; safe property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:chinese-street:001-hello-and-goodbye-at-the-gate.lesson:14.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×3, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chinese-street/1-hello-and-goodbye-at-the-gate/14/