Active and passive voice, modal verbs, sentence 19

Very formal writing says "by whom?"; in everyday talk "by who?" is normal.

Who acts: formal writing · What happens: say, be · To what, where: everyday talk · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Active and passive voice, modal verbs» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (formal writing), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Very	very	ADV	_	2 formal	advmod
2	formal	formal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 writing	amod
3	writing	writing	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 says	nsubj
4	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	7 whom	punct
6	by	by	ADP	_	7 whom	case
7	whom	whom	PRON	PronType=Rel	4 says	obl
8	?	?	PUNCT	_	7 whom	punct
9	"	"	PUNCT	_	7 whom	punct
10	;	;	PUNCT	_	20 normal	punct
11	in	in	ADP	_	13 talk	case
12	everyday	everyday	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 talk	amod
13	talk	talk	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 normal	obl
14	"	"	PUNCT	_	16 who	punct
15	by	by	ADP	_	16 who	case
16	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	20 normal	nsubj
17	?	?	PUNCT	_	16 who	punct
18	"	"	PUNCT	_	16 who	punct
19	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	20 normal	cop
20	normal	normal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 whom	parataxis
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 says	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: changed form=decl, act=assert, voice=narrator

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	formal writing						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
2	is	present				everyday talk		normal property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:english:032-active-and-passive-voice-modal-verbs.lesson:19.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×2, R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/32-active-and-passive-voice-modal-verbs/19/