Paragraphs and cohesion: holding a text together, sentence 10

Pronouns such as he, she, it and they avoid repeating names, but they must be clear: "Tom met Sam and he laughed" does not say who laughed.

Who acts: Pronouns, Tom · What happens: avoid, repeat, be, meet, laugh, not say · To what, where: names, Sam · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Paragraphs and cohesion: holding a text together» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Pronouns, Tom), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Pronouns	pronoun	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 avoid	nsubj
2	such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Pronouns	amod
3	as	as	ADP	_	4 he	case
4	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	1 Pronouns	nmod
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 she	punct
6	she	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 it	nsubj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 it	punct
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	1 Pronouns	appos
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 avoid	cc
10	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 avoid	nsubj
11	avoid	avoid	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
12	repeating	repeat	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	11 avoid	xcomp
13	names	name	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 repeating	obj
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 clear	punct
15	but	but	CCONJ	_	19 clear	cc
16	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	19 clear	nsubj
17	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	19 clear	aux
18	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	19 clear	cop
19	clear	clear	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 avoid	conj
20	:	:	PUNCT	_	23 met	punct
21	"	"	PUNCT	_	23 met	punct
22	Tom	Tom	PROPN	Number=Sing	23 met	nsubj
23	met	meet	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	31 say	ccomp
24	Sam	Sam	PROPN	Number=Sing	23 met	obj
25	and	and	CCONJ	_	27 laughed	cc
26	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	27 laughed	nsubj
27	laughed	laugh	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	23 met	conj
28	"	"	PUNCT	_	31 say	punct
29	does	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	31 say	aux
30	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	31 say	advmod
31	say	say	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	19 clear	parataxis
32	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	33 laughed	nsubj
33	laughed	laugh	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	31 say	ccomp
34	.	.	PUNCT	_	11 avoid	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: changed voice=narrator

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	avoid	present	Pronouns as reader			vn avoid-52 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
2	repeat	gerund	Pronouns as reader not said here	names		vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent name=Eventuality
3	is	must	pronouns = pronoun		clear property	tree rules
4	meet in a quote	past	Tom	Sam		vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sam=Co-Agent
5	laugh in a quote	past	Tom			vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
6	not say speech: assert	present · do-support				vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
7	laugh	past				vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:english:037-paragraphs-and-cohesion-holding-a-text-together.lesson:10.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/37-paragraphs-and-cohesion-holding-a-text-together/10/