Standard English and dialect: "we was" in talk, "we were" in writing, sentence 12
"Youse" (Ireland, Scotland, Liverpool) and "y'all" (the American South) are plural forms of "you"; Standard English uses "you" for one or many.
Who acts: Youse, Standard English · What happens: be, use · To what, where: plural forms, you
This is a sentence of the lesson «Standard English and dialect: "we was" in talk, "we were" in writing» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Youse, Standard English), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Youse | punct |
| 2 | Youse | Youse | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 forms | nsubj |
| 3 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 2 Youse | punct |
| 4 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 5 Ireland | punct |
| 5 | Ireland | Ireland | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 Youse | appos |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 7 Scotland | punct |
| 7 | Scotland | Scotland | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 Ireland | conj |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 Liverpool | punct |
| 9 | Liverpool | Liverpool | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 Ireland | conj |
| 10 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 5 Ireland | punct |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 y'all | cc |
| 12 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 13 y'all | punct |
| 13 | y'all | y'all | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 Youse | conj |
| 14 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 13 y'all | punct |
| 15 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 18 South | punct |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 South | det |
| 17 | American | American | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 South | amod |
| 18 | South | South | PROPN | Number=Sing | 13 y'all | appos |
| 19 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 18 South | punct |
| 20 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 22 forms | cop |
| 21 | plural | plural | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 22 forms | amod |
| 22 | forms | form | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 23 | of | of | ADP | _ | 25 you | case |
| 24 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 25 you | punct |
| 25 | you | you | PRON | Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs | 22 forms | nmod |
| 26 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 25 you | punct |
| 27 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 30 uses | punct |
| 28 | Standard | Standard | PROPN | Number=Sing | 29 English | compound |
| 29 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 30 uses | nsubj |
| 30 | uses | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 22 forms | parataxis |
| 31 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 32 you | punct |
| 32 | you | you | PRON | Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs | 30 uses | obj |
| 33 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 32 you | punct |
| 34 | for | for | ADP | _ | 35 one | case |
| 35 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 30 uses | obl |
| 36 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 37 many | cc |
| 37 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 one | conj |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 22 forms | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | Youse and y'all | plural forms | of you | tree rules | |||
| 2 | use | present | Standard English | you | for one | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent you=Theme for one=Eventuality |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:english:038-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/38-standard-english-and-dialect-we-was-and-we-were/12/