English words that came from French, sentence 16

Chauffeur means any driver in French; it comes from chauffer, to heat, because the first drivers of steam engines kept the fire hot.

Who acts: Chauffeur, first drivers · What happens: mean, come, heat, keep · To what, where: driver, chauffer, fire

This is a sentence of the lesson «English words that came from French» of the french course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Chauffeur, first drivers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Chauffeur	chauffeur	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 means	nsubj
2	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	4 driver	det
4	driver	driver	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 means	obj
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 French	case
6	French	French	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 driver	nmod
7	;	;	PUNCT	_	9 comes	punct
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 comes	nsubj
9	comes	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 means	parataxis
10	from	from	ADP	_	11 chauffer	case
11	chauffer	chauffer	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 comes	obl
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 heat	punct
13	to	to	PART	_	14 heat	mark
14	heat	heat	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	9 comes	advcl
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 kept	punct
16	because	because	SCONJ	_	23 kept	mark
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	19 drivers	det
18	first	first	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	19 drivers	amod
19	drivers	driver	NOUN	Number=Plur	23 kept	nsubj
20	of	of	ADP	_	22 engines	case
21	steam	steam	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 engines	compound
22	engines	engine	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 drivers	nmod
23	kept	keep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	9 comes	advcl
24	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	25 fire	det
25	fire	fire	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 kept	obj
26	hot	hot	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 kept	xcomp
27	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 means	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	mean	present	Chauffeur	any driver		in French	vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot driver=Theme in french=Attribute
2	come	present	chauffeur		chauffer		vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from chauffer=Initial_Location
3	heat	to-infinitive	chauffeur not said here				vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
4	keep	past	the first drivers of steam engines	the fire		hot property	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fire=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:french:036-english-words-that-came-from-french.lesson:16.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/16/