English words that came from French, sentence 4
Borrowed words can change on the way: souvenir means any memory in French, chauffeur means any driver, and French audiences shout "Bis !" where English audiences shout "Encore!"
Who acts: Borrowed words, souvenir, chauffeur, French audiences, English audiences · What happens: borrow, change, mean, shout · To what, where: way, memory, driver, Bis, Encore
This is a sentence of the lesson «English words that came from French» of the french course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Borrowed words, souvenir, chauffeur, French audiences), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Borrowed | borrow | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 2 words | amod |
| 2 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 change | nsubj |
| 3 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 4 change | aux |
| 4 | change | change | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 5 | on | on | ADP | _ | 7 way | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 way | det |
| 7 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 change | obl |
| 8 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 10 means | punct |
| 9 | souvenir | souvenir | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 means | nsubj |
| 10 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 way | acl:relcl |
| 11 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 12 memory | det |
| 12 | memory | memory | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 means | obj |
| 13 | in | in | ADP | _ | 14 French | case |
| 14 | French | French | PROPN | Number=Sing | 12 memory | nmod |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 means | punct |
| 16 | chauffeur | chauffeur | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 means | nsubj |
| 17 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 means | conj |
| 18 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 19 driver | det |
| 19 | driver | driver | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 means | obj |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 shout | punct |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 shout | cc |
| 22 | French | French | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 audiences | amod |
| 23 | audiences | audience | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 shout | nsubj |
| 24 | shout | shout | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 change | advcl |
| 25 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 26 Bis | punct |
| 26 | Bis | bis | PROPN | Number=Plur | 24 shout | obj |
| 27 | ! | ! | PUNCT | _ | 26 Bis | punct |
| 28 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 26 Bis | punct |
| 29 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 32 shout | advmod |
| 30 | English | English | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 audiences | amod |
| 31 | audiences | audience | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 shout | nsubj |
| 32 | shout | shout | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 24 shout | advcl |
| 33 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 34 Encore | punct |
| 34 | Encore | encore | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 shout | obj |
| 35 | ! | ! | PUNCT | _ | 34 Encore | punct |
| 36 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 34 Encore | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed form=decl, act=assert
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | borrow | participle | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 2 | change | can | Borrowed words | the way | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 3 | mean | present | souvenir | any memory | in French | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot memory=Theme in french=Attribute | |||
| 4 | mean | present | chauffeur | any driver | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent driver=Topic | ||||
| 5 | shout speech: express | present | French audiences | Bis | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bis=Topic | ||||
| 6 | shout speech: express | present | English audiences | Encore | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent encore=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:french:036-english-words-that-came-from-french.lesson:4.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×3, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/4/