English words that came from French, sentence 3
Some borrowed words are hiding: a pilot shouting "Mayday!" is copying French m'aider, "help me", and RSVP on a party invitation stands for "Répondez, s'il vous plaît".
Who acts: borrowed words, pilot, RSVP · What happens: borrow, hide, shout, copy, help, stand · To what, where: Mayday, French m'aider, me · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «English words that came from French» of the french course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (borrowed words, pilot, RSVP), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 3 words | det |
| 2 | borrowed | borrow | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 words | amod |
| 3 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 hiding | nsubj |
| 4 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 hiding | aux |
| 5 | hiding | hide | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | root | root |
| 6 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 5 hiding | punct |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 pilot | det |
| 8 | pilot | pilot | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 copying | nsubj |
| 9 | shouting | shout | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 8 pilot | acl |
| 10 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 11 Mayday | punct |
| 11 | Mayday | mayday | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 shouting | obj |
| 12 | ! | ! | PUNCT | _ | 11 Mayday | punct |
| 13 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 11 Mayday | punct |
| 14 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 copying | aux |
| 15 | copying | copy | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 5 hiding | conj |
| 16 | French | French | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 m'aider | amod |
| 17 | m'aider | m'aider | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 copying | obj |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 help | punct |
| 19 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 20 help | punct |
| 20 | help | help | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 5 hiding | parataxis |
| 21 | me | I | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 20 help | obj |
| 22 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 20 help | punct |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 stands | punct |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 copying | cc |
| 25 | RSVP | rsvp | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 stands | nsubj |
| 26 | on | on | ADP | _ | 29 invitation | case |
| 27 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 29 invitation | det |
| 28 | party | party | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 invitation | compound |
| 29 | invitation | invitation | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 RSVP | nmod |
| 30 | stands | stand | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 hiding | conj |
| 31 | for | for | ADP | _ | 33 Répondez | case |
| 32 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 33 Répondez | punct |
| 33 | Répondez | Répondez | PROPN | Number=Sing | 30 stands | obl |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 plaît | punct |
| 35 | s'il | s'il | PROPN | Number=Sing | 37 plaît | compound |
| 36 | vous | vous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 37 plaît | amod |
| 37 | plaît | plaît | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 Répondez | appos |
| 38 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 33 Répondez | punct |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 hiding | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | borrow | participle | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 2 | hide | present · progressive | some borrowed words | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | shout speech: express | gerund | a pilot not said here | Mayday | vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mayday=Topic | ||||
| 4 | copy | present · progressive | a pilot | French m'aider | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent m'aider=Theme | ||||
| 5 | help in a quote | infinitive | me | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Beneficiary | |||||
| 6 | stand | present | RSVP on a party invitation | for Répondez | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer for répondez=Attribute |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:french:036-english-words-that-came-from-french.lesson:3.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/36-english-words-that-came-from-french/3/