Deserts, sentence 14

Camels, which can go a long time without water, carry heavy loads and cope with heat and sand, made regular caravans across the Sahara possible, carrying salt, gold, cloth and also enslaved people between West Africa and North Africa.

Who acts: Camels · What happens: go, carry, cope, make, enslave · To what, where: heavy loads, regular caravans, Sahara, salt

This is a sentence of the lesson «Deserts» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Camels), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Camels	camel	NOUN	Number=Plur	22 made	nsubj
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 go	punct
3	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	5 go	nsubj
4	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 go	aux
5	go	go	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	1 Camels	acl:relcl
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 time	det
7	long	long	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 time	amod
8	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 go	obl
9	without	without	ADP	_	10 water	case
10	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 go	obl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 carry	punct
12	carry	carry	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 Camels	parataxis
13	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 loads	amod
14	loads	load	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 carry	obj
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 cope	cc
16	cope	cope	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 carry	conj
17	with	with	ADP	_	18 heat	case
18	heat	heat	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 cope	obl
19	and	and	CCONJ	_	20 sand	cc
20	sand	sand	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 heat	conj
21	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 made	punct
22	made	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
23	regular	regular	ADJ	Degree=Pos	24 caravans	amod
24	caravans	caravan	NOUN	Number=Plur	22 made	obj
25	across	across	ADP	_	27 Sahara	case
26	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	27 Sahara	det
27	Sahara	Sahara	PROPN	Number=Sing	24 caravans	nmod
28	possible	possible	ADJ	Degree=Pos	22 made	xcomp
29	,	,	PUNCT	_	30 carrying	punct
30	carrying	carry	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	22 made	advcl
31	salt	salt	NOUN	Number=Sing	30 carrying	obj
32	,	,	PUNCT	_	33 gold	punct
33	gold	gold	NOUN	Number=Sing	31 salt	conj
34	,	,	PUNCT	_	35 cloth	punct
35	cloth	cloth	NOUN	Number=Sing	31 salt	conj
36	and	and	CCONJ	_	39 people	cc
37	also	also	ADV	_	38 enslaved	advmod
38	enslaved	enslave	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	39 people	amod
39	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	31 salt	conj
40	between	between	ADP	_	42 Africa	case
41	West	West	PROPN	Number=Sing	42 Africa	compound
42	Africa	Africa	PROPN	Number=Sing	39 people	nmod
43	and	and	CCONJ	_	45 Africa	cc
44	North	North	PROPN	Number=Sing	45 Africa	compound
45	Africa	Africa	PROPN	Number=Sing	42 Africa	conj
46	.	.	PUNCT	_	22 made	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	go	can	Camels			time	without water	vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	carry	present		heavy loads				vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent load=Theme
3	cope	present					with heat and sand	vn cope-83-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent with heat=Theme
4	make	past	Camels	regular caravans	the Sahara		possible property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset caravan=Product
5	carry	gerund	Camels not said here	salt and gold and cloth and enslaved people between West Africa and North Africa				vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent salt=Theme
6	enslave	participle						vn subjugate-42.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:018-deserts.lesson:14.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/18-deserts/14/