The Silk Road, sentence 20
The Black Death is thought to have spread from Central Asia westward along trade routes in the 1340s, its germs carried by traders, animals, goods and fleas, reaching the Crimean port of Caffa and then the Mediterranean in 1347.
Who acts: germs · What happens: think, spread, carry, reach · To what, where: Black Death, Central Asia, Crimean port
This is a sentence of the lesson «The Silk Road» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (germs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 Death | det |
| 2 | Black | black | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 Death | amod |
| 3 | Death | death | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 thought | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 thought | aux:pass |
| 5 | thought | think | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | to | to | PART | _ | 8 spread | mark |
| 7 | have | have | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 8 spread | aux |
| 8 | spread | spread | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 5 thought | xcomp |
| 9 | from | from | ADP | _ | 11 Asia | case |
| 10 | Central | Central | PROPN | Number=Sing | 11 Asia | amod |
| 11 | Asia | Asia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 spread | obl |
| 12 | westward | westward | ADV | _ | 8 spread | advmod |
| 13 | along | along | ADP | _ | 15 routes | case |
| 14 | trade | trade | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 routes | compound |
| 15 | routes | route | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 spread | obl |
| 16 | in | in | ADP | _ | 18 1340s | case |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 1340s | det |
| 18 | 1340s | 1340 | NOUN | Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card | 8 spread | obl |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 germs | punct |
| 20 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 21 germs | nmod:poss |
| 21 | germs | germ | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 carried | nsubj |
| 22 | carried | carry | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 spread | advcl |
| 23 | by | by | ADP | _ | 24 traders | case |
| 24 | traders | trader | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 carried | obl:agent |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 animals | punct |
| 26 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 traders | conj |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 goods | punct |
| 28 | goods | goods | NOUN | Number=Ptan | 24 traders | conj |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 fleas | cc |
| 30 | fleas | flea | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 traders | conj |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 reaching | punct |
| 32 | reaching | reach | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 18 1340s | appos |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 port | det |
| 34 | Crimean | Crimean | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 port | amod |
| 35 | port | port | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 reaching | obj |
| 36 | of | of | ADP | _ | 37 Caffa | case |
| 37 | Caffa | Caffa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 35 port | nmod |
| 38 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 41 Mediterranean | cc |
| 39 | then | then | ADV | PronType=Dem | 41 Mediterranean | advmod |
| 40 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 41 Mediterranean | det |
| 41 | Mediterranean | Mediterranean | PROPN | Number=Sing | 35 port | conj |
| 42 | in | in | ADP | _ | 43 1347 | case |
| 43 | 1347 | 1347 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 8 spread | obl |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 thought | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | think speech: other | present · passive | the Black Death | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme | |||||
| 2 | spread | to-infinitive · perfect | Central Asia | along trade routes; in the 1340s; in 1347; westward property | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme along route=Location | ||||
| 3 | carry | participle | Death's germs | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | reach | gerund | the Crimean port of Caffa and the Mediterranean | vn body_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent port=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:028-the-silk-road.lesson:20.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/28-the-silk-road/20/