The spice trade and the Indian Ocean, sentence 1
In medieval Europe a sack of pepper could be worth a fortune, because it grew only in tropical Asia and passed through many hands, each trader adding a profit, before it reached a market in Venice.
Who acts: sack, trader · What happens: be, grow, pass, add, reach · To what, where: medieval Europe, tropical Asia, many hands, profit, market, Venice
This is a sentence of the lesson «The spice trade and the Indian Ocean» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (sack, trader), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 3 Europe | case |
| 2 | medieval | medieval | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 Europe | amod |
| 3 | Europe | Europe | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 worth | obl |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 sack | det |
| 5 | sack | sack | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 worth | nsubj |
| 6 | of | of | ADP | _ | 7 pepper | case |
| 7 | pepper | pepper | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 sack | nmod |
| 8 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 10 worth | aux |
| 9 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 10 worth | cop |
| 10 | worth | worth | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 11 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 12 fortune | det |
| 12 | fortune | fortune | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 worth | obj |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 grew | punct |
| 14 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 16 grew | mark |
| 15 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 grew | nsubj |
| 16 | grew | grow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 worth | advcl |
| 17 | only | only | ADV | _ | 20 Asia | advmod |
| 18 | in | in | ADP | _ | 20 Asia | case |
| 19 | tropical | tropical | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 Asia | amod |
| 20 | Asia | Asia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 16 grew | obl |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 passed | cc |
| 22 | passed | pass | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 grew | conj |
| 23 | through | through | ADP | _ | 25 hands | case |
| 24 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 hands | amod |
| 25 | hands | hand | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 passed | obl |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 adding | punct |
| 27 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 28 trader | det |
| 28 | trader | trader | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 adding | nsubj |
| 29 | adding | add | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 22 passed | advcl |
| 30 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 31 profit | det |
| 31 | profit | profit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 adding | obj |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 reached | punct |
| 33 | before | before | SCONJ | _ | 35 reached | mark |
| 34 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 35 reached | nsubj |
| 35 | reached | reach | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 worth | parataxis |
| 36 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 37 market | det |
| 37 | market | market | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 reached | obj |
| 38 | in | in | ADP | _ | 39 Venice | case |
| 39 | Venice | Venice | PROPN | Number=Sing | 35 reached | obl |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 worth | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | could | a sack of pepper | medieval Europe | worth property | tree rules | |||
| 2 | grow | past | sack | tropical Asia | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in asia=Location | ||||
| 3 | pass | past | sack not said here | many hands | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme through hand=Location | ||||
| 4 | add speech: assert | gerund | each trader | a profit | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent profit=Patient | ||||
| 5 | reach | past | trader | a market | Venice | vn body_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent market=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:029-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean.lesson:1.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/29-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean/1/