The spice trade and the Indian Ocean, sentence 14
Between 1405 and 1433 the Chinese admiral Zheng He led seven great fleets for the Ming across the Indian Ocean, as far as East Africa; his biggest ships were larger than Columbus's, though historians argue about their exact size.
Who acts: Chinese admiral, biggest ships, historians · What happens: lead, be, argue · To what, where: seven great fleets, Indian Ocean
This is a sentence of the lesson «The spice trade and the Indian Ocean» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Chinese admiral, biggest ships, historians), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Between | between | ADP | _ | 2 1405 | case |
| 2 | 1405 | 1405 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 10 led | obl |
| 3 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 4 1433 | cc |
| 4 | 1433 | 1433 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 2 1405 | conj |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 admiral | det |
| 6 | Chinese | Chinese | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 admiral | amod |
| 7 | admiral | admiral | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 led | nsubj |
| 8 | Zheng | Zheng | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 admiral | appos |
| 9 | He | he | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 Zheng | flat |
| 10 | led | lead | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 11 | seven | seven | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 13 fleets | nummod |
| 12 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 fleets | amod |
| 13 | fleets | fleet | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 led | obj |
| 14 | for | for | ADP | _ | 16 Ming | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 Ming | det |
| 16 | Ming | Ming | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 led | obl |
| 17 | across | across | ADP | _ | 20 Ocean | case |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 20 Ocean | det |
| 19 | Indian | Indian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 Ocean | amod |
| 20 | Ocean | Ocean | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 led | obl |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 larger | punct |
| 22 | as | as | ADV | _ | 23 far | advmod |
| 23 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 10 led | advmod |
| 24 | as | as | ADP | _ | 26 Africa | case |
| 25 | East | East | PROPN | Number=Sing | 26 Africa | compound |
| 26 | Africa | Africa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 23 far | obl |
| 27 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 32 larger | punct |
| 28 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 30 ships | nmod:poss |
| 29 | biggest | big | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 30 ships | amod |
| 30 | ships | ship | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 larger | nsubj |
| 31 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 32 larger | cop |
| 32 | larger | large | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 10 led | parataxis |
| 33 | than | than | ADP | _ | 34 Columbus | case |
| 34 | Columbus | Columbus | PROPN | Number=Sing | 32 larger | obl |
| 35 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 34 Columbus | case |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 argue | punct |
| 37 | though | though | SCONJ | _ | 39 argue | mark |
| 38 | historians | historian | NOUN | Number=Plur | 39 argue | nsubj |
| 39 | argue | argue | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 32 larger | advcl |
| 40 | about | about | ADP | _ | 43 size | case |
| 41 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 43 size | nmod:poss |
| 42 | exact | exact | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 43 size | amod |
| 43 | size | size | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 argue | obl |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 led | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | lead | past | the Chinese admiral | seven great fleets | the Indian Ocean | between 1405; for the Ming; far property | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent fleet=Theme between 1405=Destination | ||
| 2 | is | past | admiral's biggest ships | than Columbus; large property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | argue speech: disagree | present | historians | about historians's exact size | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V PP.theme S»: agent=Agent about size=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:029-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean.lesson:14.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/29-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean/14/