The people who were already there: what colonisation did, sentence 16
In the 1800s and early 1900s European rule in Africa often meant taking land, forced labour and violent punishment of resistance; in King Leopold II's Congo Free State forced rubber collection caused millions of deaths.
Who acts: European rule, State forced rubber collection · What happens: mean, take, force, cause, punish · To what, where: 1800s, land, millions, II, resistance
This is a sentence of the lesson «The people who were already there: what colonisation did» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (European rule, State forced rubber collection), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 3 1800s | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 1800s | det |
| 3 | 1800s | 1800 | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 meant | obl |
| 4 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 6 1900s | cc |
| 5 | early | early | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 1900s | amod |
| 6 | 1900s | 1900 | NOUN | Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card | 3 1800s | conj |
| 7 | European | European | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 rule | amod |
| 8 | rule | rule | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 meant | nsubj |
| 9 | in | in | ADP | _ | 10 Africa | case |
| 10 | Africa | Africa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 rule | nmod |
| 11 | often | often | ADV | _ | 12 meant | advmod |
| 12 | meant | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 13 | taking | take | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 12 meant | xcomp |
| 14 | land | land | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 taking | obj |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 labour | punct |
| 16 | forced | force | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 17 labour | amod |
| 17 | labour | labour | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 taking | obj |
| 18 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 punishment | cc |
| 19 | violent | violent | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 punishment | amod |
| 20 | punishment | punishment | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 labour | conj |
| 21 | of | of | ADP | _ | 22 resistance | case |
| 22 | resistance | resistance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 punishment | nmod |
| 23 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 12 meant | punct |
| 24 | in | in | ADP | _ | 27 II | case |
| 25 | King | King | PROPN | Number=Sing | 27 II | nmod:desc |
| 26 | Leopold | Leopold | PROPN | Number=Sing | 25 King | flat |
| 27 | II | II | PROPN | Number=Sing | 35 caused | obl |
| 28 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 27 II | case |
| 29 | Congo | Congo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 27 II | flat |
| 30 | Free | free | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 State | amod |
| 31 | State | State | PROPN | Number=Sing | 34 collection | compound |
| 32 | forced | force | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 34 collection | amod |
| 33 | rubber | rubber | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 collection | compound |
| 34 | collection | collection | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 caused | nsubj |
| 35 | caused | cause | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 meant | parataxis |
| 36 | millions | million | NOUN | Number=Plur | 35 caused | obj |
| 37 | of | of | ADP | _ | 38 deaths | case |
| 38 | deaths | death | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 millions | nmod |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 12 meant | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- narrate
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mean | past | European rule in Africa | the 1800s and early 1900s | often property | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||
| 2 | take not said to happen | gerund | European rule in Africa not said here | land | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument land=Theme labour=Destination | ||||
| 3 | force | participle | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 4 | force | participle | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 5 | cause | past | State forced rubber collection | millions of deaths | II King | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition million=Patient | |||
| 6 | punish | resistance | nom punishment «act transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:036-the-people-who-were-already-there.lesson:16.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/36-the-people-who-were-already-there/16/