Moving continents: from Pangaea to today, sentence 12
India broke away from Gondwana and raced north at up to about 15 cm a year (today it moves about 5 cm a year), hitting Asia about 50 million years ago and pushing up the Himalayas.
Who acts: India, fit · What happens: break away, race up, move about, hit, push up · To what, where: 15 cm, 5 cm, Asia, Himalayas
This is a sentence of the lesson «Moving continents: from Pangaea to today» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (India, fit), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | India | India | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 broke | nsubj |
| 2 | broke | break | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | away | away | ADV | _ | 2 broke | advmod |
| 4 | from | from | ADP | _ | 5 Gondwana | case |
| 5 | Gondwana | Gondwana | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 broke | obl |
| 6 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 raced | cc |
| 7 | raced | race | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 2 broke | conj |
| 8 | north | north | ADV | _ | 7 raced | advmod |
| 9 | at | at | ADP | _ | 10 up | case |
| 10 | up | up | ADP | _ | 7 raced | compound:prt |
| 11 | to | to | ADP | _ | 14 cm | case |
| 12 | about | about | ADV | _ | 13 15 | advmod |
| 13 | 15 | 15 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 14 cm | nummod |
| 14 | cm | cm | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 raced | obl |
| 15 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 year | det |
| 16 | year | year | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 cm | nmod:unmarked |
| 17 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 20 moves | punct |
| 18 | today | today | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 moves | obl:unmarked |
| 19 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 moves | nsubj |
| 20 | moves | move | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 broke | parataxis |
| 21 | about | about | ADV | _ | 22 5 | advmod |
| 22 | 5 | 5 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 23 cm | nummod |
| 23 | cm | cm | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 moves | obj |
| 24 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 25 year | det |
| 25 | year | year | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 cm | nmod:unmarked |
| 26 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 20 moves | punct |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 hitting | punct |
| 28 | hitting | hit | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 2 broke | conj |
| 29 | Asia | Asia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 28 hitting | obj |
| 30 | about | about | ADV | _ | 32 million | advmod |
| 31 | 50 | 50 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 32 million | compound |
| 32 | million | million | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 33 years | nummod |
| 33 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 34 ago | obl:unmarked |
| 34 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 28 hitting | advmod |
| 35 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 36 pushing | cc |
| 36 | pushing | push | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 28 hitting | conj |
| 37 | up | up | ADP | _ | 36 pushing | compound:prt |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 Himalayas | det |
| 39 | Himalayas | Himalayas | PROPN | Number=Plur | 36 pushing | obj |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 broke | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | break away | past | India | from Gondwana; away property | vn split-23.2 «NP V PP.co-patient»: agent=Patient from gondwana=Co-Patient | ||||
| 2 | race up | past | India not said here | 15 cm a year | north property | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme to cm=Destination | |||
| 3 | move about | present | fit | 5 cm a year | today | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V ADJ.result»: agent=Theme cm=Result | |||
| 4 | hit | gerund | India not said here | Asia | ago property | vn contiguous_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme asia=Co-Theme | |||
| 5 | push up | gerund | India not said here | the Himalayas | vn carry-11.4-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent himalayas=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:043-moving-continents-from-pangaea-to-today.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/43-moving-continents-from-pangaea-to-today/12/