Metals, mining and what they cost, sentence 6
Mining has a human cost too: Indigenous people were forced to dig silver in Peru and Bolivia, enslaved Africans dug gold in Brazil, and today children have been found working in some small cobalt mines in the Congo.
Who acts: Mining, Indigenous people, enslaved Africans, today children · What happens: have, force, dig, enslave, find, work · To what, where: human cost, Indigenous people, silver, Peru, gold, Brazil
This is a sentence of the lesson «Metals, mining and what they cost» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Mining, Indigenous people, enslaved Africans, today children), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mining | mining | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 has | nsubj |
| 2 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 cost | det |
| 4 | human | human | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 cost | amod |
| 5 | cost | cost | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 has | obj |
| 6 | too | too | ADV | _ | 2 has | advmod |
| 7 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 11 forced | punct |
| 8 | Indigenous | Indigenous | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 people | amod |
| 9 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 forced | nsubj:pass |
| 10 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 11 forced | aux:pass |
| 11 | forced | force | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 2 has | parataxis |
| 12 | to | to | PART | _ | 13 dig | mark |
| 13 | dig | dig | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 11 forced | xcomp |
| 14 | silver | silver | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 dig | obj |
| 15 | in | in | ADP | _ | 16 Peru | case |
| 16 | Peru | Peru | PROPN | Number=Sing | 13 dig | obl |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 Bolivia | cc |
| 18 | Bolivia | Bolivia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 16 Peru | conj |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 dug | punct |
| 20 | enslaved | enslave | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 21 Africans | amod |
| 21 | Africans | African | PROPN | Number=Plur | 22 dug | nsubj |
| 22 | dug | dig | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 11 forced | conj |
| 23 | gold | gold | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 dug | obj |
| 24 | in | in | ADP | _ | 25 Brazil | case |
| 25 | Brazil | Brazil | PROPN | Number=Sing | 22 dug | obl |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 found | punct |
| 27 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 found | cc |
| 28 | today | today | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 children | compound |
| 29 | children | child | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 found | nsubj:pass |
| 30 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 32 found | aux |
| 31 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 32 found | aux:pass |
| 32 | found | find | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 11 forced | conj |
| 33 | working | work | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 32 found | xcomp |
| 34 | in | in | ADP | _ | 38 mines | case |
| 35 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 38 mines | det |
| 36 | small | small | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 mines | amod |
| 37 | cobalt | cobalt | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 mines | compound |
| 38 | mines | mine | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 working | obl |
| 39 | in | in | ADP | _ | 41 Congo | case |
| 40 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 41 Congo | det |
| 41 | Congo | Congo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 38 mines | nmod |
| 42 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 has | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | Mining | a human cost | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cost=Patient | ||||
| 2 | force | past · passive | Indigenous people | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic | |||||
| 3 | dig | to-infinitive | Indigenous people not said here | silver | Peru and Bolivia | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent silver=Theme in peru=Location | |||
| 4 | enslave | participle | vn subjugate-42.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 5 | dig | past | enslaved Africans | gold | Brazil | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent gold=Theme in brazil=Location | |||
| 6 | find | present · perfect · passive | today children | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme | |||||
| 7 | work | gerund | today children not said here | in some small cobalt mines in the Congo | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in mine=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:060-metals-mining-and-what-they-cost.lesson:6.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/60-metals-mining-and-what-they-cost/6/