Rome: the empire, the legions and the roads, sentence 11
In the testudo, or tortoise formation, soldiers locked their shields above and around them to protect against arrows.
Who acts: soldiers · What happens: lock, protect · To what, where: shields, testudo
This is a sentence of the lesson «Rome: the empire, the legions and the roads» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (soldiers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 3 testudo | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 testudo | det |
| 3 | testudo | testudo | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 locked | obl |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 7 formation | punct |
| 5 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 7 formation | cc |
| 6 | tortoise | tortoise | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 formation | compound |
| 7 | formation | formation | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 testudo | conj |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 testudo | punct |
| 9 | soldiers | soldier | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 locked | nsubj |
| 10 | locked | lock | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 11 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 12 shields | nmod:poss |
| 12 | shields | shield | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 locked | obj |
| 13 | above | above | ADV | _ | 10 locked | advmod |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 around | cc |
| 15 | around | around | ADP | _ | 13 above | conj |
| 16 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 15 around | obl |
| 17 | to | to | PART | _ | 18 protect | mark |
| 18 | protect | protect | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 10 locked | advcl |
| 19 | against | against | ADP | _ | 20 arrows | case |
| 20 | arrows | arrow | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 protect | obl |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 locked | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | lock | past | soldiers | soldiers's shields | the testudo or tortoise formation | above property | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shield=Patient | ||
| 2 | protect | to-infinitive | soldiers not said here | against arrows | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent against arrow=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:014-rome-the-empire-the-legions-and-the-roads.lesson:11.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/14-rome-the-empire-the-legions-and-the-roads/11/