The Middle Ages begin: the Vikings, sentence 20
By the 1000s the Norse lands had become Christian kingdoms and raids faded; in 1066 a Norwegian king was defeated in England, and the Normans, descendants of Vikings in France, conquered England the same year.
Who acts: Norse lands, raids, Normans · What happens: become, fade, defeat, conquer · To what, where: Christian kingdoms, Norwegian king, 1066, England
This is a sentence of the lesson «The Middle Ages begin: the Vikings» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Norse lands, raids, Normans), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | By | by | ADP | _ | 3 1000s | case |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 1000s | det |
| 3 | 1000s | 1000 | NOUN | Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card | 8 become | obl |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 lands | det |
| 5 | Norse | norse | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 lands | amod |
| 6 | lands | land | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 become | nsubj |
| 7 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 become | aux |
| 8 | become | become | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 35 conquered | parataxis |
| 9 | Christian | Christian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 kingdoms | amod |
| 10 | kingdoms | kingdom | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 become | xcomp |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 faded | cc |
| 12 | raids | raid | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 faded | nsubj |
| 13 | faded | fade | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 8 become | conj |
| 14 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 16 1066 | punct |
| 15 | in | in | ADP | _ | 16 1066 | case |
| 16 | 1066 | 1066 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 21 defeated | obl |
| 17 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 19 king | det |
| 18 | Norwegian | Norwegian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 king | amod |
| 19 | king | king | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 defeated | nsubj:pass |
| 20 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 21 defeated | aux:pass |
| 21 | defeated | defeat | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 35 conquered | parataxis |
| 22 | in | in | ADP | _ | 23 England | case |
| 23 | England | England | PROPN | Number=Sing | 21 defeated | obl |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 conquered | punct |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 27 Normans | cc |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 27 Normans | det |
| 27 | Normans | Norman | PROPN | Number=Plur | 35 conquered | nsubj |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 descendants | punct |
| 29 | descendants | descendant | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 Normans | appos |
| 30 | of | of | ADP | _ | 31 Vikings | case |
| 31 | Vikings | viking | PROPN | Number=Plur | 29 descendants | nmod |
| 32 | in | in | ADP | _ | 33 France | case |
| 33 | France | France | PROPN | Number=Sing | 31 Vikings | nmod |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 conquered | punct |
| 35 | conquered | conquer | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 36 | England | England | PROPN | Number=Sing | 35 conquered | obj |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 year | det |
| 38 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 year | amod |
| 39 | year | year | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 conquered | obl:unmarked |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 35 conquered | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | become | past · perfect | the Norse lands | Christian kingdoms | by the 1000s | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient | |||
| 2 | fade | past | raids | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 3 | defeat | past · passive | a Norwegian king | 1066 | in England | tree rules | |||
| 4 | conquer | past | the Normans | England | year | vn subjugate-42.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent england=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:020-the-middle-ages-begin-the-vikings.lesson:20.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/20-the-middle-ages-begin-the-vikings/20/