The Islamic golden age and the wider medieval world, sentence 12
Ibn al-Haytham showed that we see because light enters our eyes, not because the eyes send out rays, and he tested his ideas by experiment.
Who acts: Ibn, we, light, eyes · What happens: show, see, enter, not send out, test · To what, where: eyes, rays, ideas · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «The Islamic golden age and the wider medieval world» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ibn, we, light, eyes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ibn | Ibn | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 showed | nsubj |
| 2 | al | Al | PROPN | Number=Sing | 1 Ibn | flat |
| 3 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 4 Haytham | punct |
| 4 | Haytham | Haytham | PROPN | Number=Sing | 1 Ibn | flat |
| 5 | showed | show | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 8 see | mark |
| 7 | we | we | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs | 8 see | nsubj |
| 8 | see | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 showed | ccomp |
| 9 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 11 enters | mark |
| 10 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 enters | nsubj |
| 11 | enters | enter | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 see | advcl |
| 12 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 13 eyes | nmod:poss |
| 13 | eyes | eye | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 enters | obj |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 send | punct |
| 15 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 19 send | advmod |
| 16 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 19 send | mark |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 eyes | det |
| 18 | eyes | eye | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 send | nsubj |
| 19 | send | send | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 11 enters | advcl |
| 20 | out | out | ADP | _ | 19 send | compound:prt |
| 21 | rays | ray | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 send | obj |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 tested | punct |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 tested | cc |
| 24 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 25 tested | nsubj |
| 25 | tested | test | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 showed | conj |
| 26 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 27 ideas | nmod:poss |
| 27 | ideas | idea | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 tested | obj |
| 28 | by | by | ADP | _ | 29 experiment | case |
| 29 | experiment | experiment | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 tested | obl |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 showed | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | show | past | Ibn | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | see | present | we | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 3 | enter | present | light | our eyes | vn escape-51.1-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme eye=Destination | ||||
| 4 | not send out | present | the eyes | rays | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ray=Theme | ||||
| 5 | test | past | Ibn | Ibn's ideas | by experiment | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent idea=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:022-the-islamic-golden-age-and-the-wider-medieval-world.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/22-the-islamic-golden-age-and-the-wider-medieval-world/12/