Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation, sentence 7

Before printing, books in Europe were copied by hand, so they were rare and very expensive; within about fifty years of Gutenberg millions of books had been printed.

Who acts: hand, blocks · What happens: print, copy, be · To what, where: books, millions

This is a sentence of the lesson «Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hand, blocks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Before	before	SCONJ	_	2 printing	mark
2	printing	print	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 copied	advcl
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 printing	punct
4	books	book	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 copied	nsubj:pass
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 Europe	case
6	Europe	Europe	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 books	nmod
7	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 copied	aux:pass
8	copied	copy	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
9	by	by	ADP	_	10 hand	case
10	hand	hand	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 copied	obl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 rare	punct
12	so	so	ADV	_	15 rare	advmod
13	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	15 rare	nsubj
14	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	15 rare	cop
15	rare	rare	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 copied	parataxis
16	and	and	CCONJ	_	18 expensive	cc
17	very	very	ADV	_	18 expensive	advmod
18	expensive	expensive	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 rare	conj
19	;	;	PUNCT	_	31 printed	punct
20	within	within	ADP	_	23 years	case
21	about	about	ADV	_	22 fifty	advmod
22	fifty	fifty	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	23 years	nummod
23	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	31 printed	obl
24	of	of	ADP	_	25 Gutenberg	case
25	Gutenberg	Gutenberg	PROPN	Number=Sing	23 years	nmod
26	millions	million	NOUN	Number=Plur	31 printed	nsubj:pass
27	of	of	ADP	_	28 books	case
28	books	book	NOUN	Number=Plur	26 millions	nmod
29	had	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	31 printed	aux
30	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	31 printed	aux:pass
31	printed	print	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	15 rare	conj
32	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 copied	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	print	gerund	hand not said here				vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	copy	past · passive	hand	books in Europe			vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme
3	is	past	blocks = block			rare property	tree rules
4	be		blocks = block not said here				tree rules
5	print	past · perfect · passive		millions of books	year		vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:025-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation.lesson:7.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/25-printing-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/7/