Mesopotamia: the first cities and writing, sentence 19
The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest stories ever written down: a king loses his best friend Enkidu, searches for a way to live for ever and learns that all people die.
Who acts: Epic, king, people · What happens: be, write down, lose, search, live, learn · To what, where: one, oldest stories, best friend · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Mesopotamia: the first cities and writing» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Epic, king, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 Epic | det |
| 2 | Epic | epic | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 one | nsubj |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 Gilgamesh | case |
| 4 | Gilgamesh | Gilgamesh | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 Epic | nmod |
| 5 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 one | cop |
| 6 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | root | root |
| 7 | of | of | ADP | _ | 10 stories | case |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 stories | det |
| 9 | oldest | old | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 10 stories | amod |
| 10 | stories | story | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 one | nmod |
| 11 | ever | ever | ADV | PronType=Ind | 12 written | advmod |
| 12 | written | write | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 10 stories | acl |
| 13 | down | down | ADP | _ | 12 written | compound:prt |
| 14 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 17 loses | punct |
| 15 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 king | det |
| 16 | king | king | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 loses | nsubj |
| 17 | loses | lose | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 one | parataxis |
| 18 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 20 friend | nmod:poss |
| 19 | best | good | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 20 friend | amod |
| 20 | friend | friend | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 loses | obj |
| 21 | Enkidu | Enkidu | PROPN | Number=Sing | 20 friend | appos |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 searches | punct |
| 23 | searches | search | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 loses | conj |
| 24 | for | for | ADP | _ | 26 way | case |
| 25 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 26 way | det |
| 26 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 searches | obl |
| 27 | to | to | PART | _ | 28 live | mark |
| 28 | live | live | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 26 way | acl |
| 29 | for | for | ADP | _ | 30 ever | case |
| 30 | ever | ever | ADV | PronType=Ind | 28 live | obl |
| 31 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 learns | cc |
| 32 | learns | learn | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 searches | conj |
| 33 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 36 die | mark |
| 34 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 35 people | det |
| 35 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 die | nsubj |
| 36 | die | die | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 32 learns | ccomp |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 one | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- narrate
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed polarity=none
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | the Epic of Gilgamesh | one | of the oldest stories | tree rules | |||
| 2 | write down | participle | the oldest stories not said here | ever | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 3 | lose | present | a king | king's best friend | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent friend=Eventuality | ||||
| 4 | search | present | a king not said here | for a way | vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.theme NP.location»: agent=Agent for way=Theme | ||||
| 5 | live | to-infinitive | a king not said here | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 6 | learn | present | a king not said here | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 7 | die | present | all people | vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:history:003-mesopotamia-first-cities-and-writing.lesson:19.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/history/3-mesopotamia-first-cities-and-writing/19/